The use of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics for analysis of biomolecules in biomedical fluids: A review

Abstract

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy are complementary techniques, typically called vibrational spectroscopy. Both techniques allow simple, rapid, non-destructive, specific, providing fingerprint spectra, and real-time analytical method for analysis of molecules in different states. Besides, these methods are simple without any excessive sample pre-treatment, therefore, they are sometimes called as "green analytical methods". Biofluids have several biomolecules such as lipid, protein, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. These biomolecules can be used as biomarkers to detect some types of diseases, since biomolecules are in direct contact with the human organs. FTIR and Raman spectra of biofluids are complex in nature, therefore sophisticated statistical techniques, known as chemometrics, must be used to solve the analytical problems related to quantitative analysis purposes. The objective of this review is to show the capability of FTIR and Raman spectroscopic techniques in combination with chemometrics techniques to analyze the biomolecules in biofluids through an extensive literature review. During performing this review, several databases in Science citation index, Scopus PubMed, and Google Scholar related to the topics are identified and downloaded. With the present review, it is known that FTIR and Raman techniques are rapid method for screening certain diseases by identifying the level changes of some biomolecules. In the future, this method will be widely used for clinicians as new diagnostic tools for many diseases.

Molecular Structure of Cefuroxime Axetil Complexes with α-, β-, γ-, and 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrins: Molecular Simulations and Raman Spectroscopic and Imaging Studies

“…For this reason, it is often referred to as a “green analytical method”. Furthermore, it requires a small amount of studied material with high reproducibility of fast collected data and, what is equally important, the spectrometers are facile to operate and maintain [ 35 ]. The combination of Raman spectroscopy with microscopy can provide advantageous information on spatial distribution and homogeneity both within and between samples containing individual substances and their complexes and/or conjugates (pharmaceutical systems) at a microscopic level with high resolution [ 36 ].…”

Comprehensive Review on Application of FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics for Authentication Analysis of Fats and Oils in the Food Products

“…Among these three regions, MIR is the most widely applied for authentication analysis of fats and oils; therefore, in this review, we focused only on the MIR region. Recently, some reviews on the application of FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics existed in different fields including biopharmaceuticals [ 35 ], halal food authentication analysis [ 36 ], authentication of meat and meat-based food [ 37 ], discrimination and authentication of herbal products [ 38 ], and authentication analysis of biomolecules in biomedical fluids [ 39 ]. FTIR spectra obtained during authentication analysis are complex and difficult to interpret; fortunately, with the development of chemometrics software and computer technology, the problems can be solved.…”

Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy of biofluids: A practical approach

“…Furthermore, low analysis cost and minimal reagent use during analysis makes this technique cost‐effective and economically sustainable for clinical biofluid investigations. Additionally, FTIR combined with advanced chemometrics permits interpretation of complex biological spectra of metabolomic, forensic and clinical samples [6, 7].…”

“…In addition to this, the FTIR spectrum can also provide information on the secondary structures of proteins in biofluids; for instance, the position of Amide I and II band can be used to infer α‐helical or β‐sheet structures of proteins [11, 12]. The ability to qualitatively and quantitatively characterise biofluids is extremely valuable in a clinical context as samples contain several biomolecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins, which interact with internal organs across the human body, which interact with internal organs across the human body [7, 13–15]. These biomolecules fundamentally share a structure and functional relationship influenced by their physiological environment and may be treated as biomarkers that can be used to diagnose pathologies and monitor disease progression and treatment therapeutics [7, 13–15].…”

“…The ability to qualitatively and quantitatively characterise biofluids is extremely valuable in a clinical context as samples contain several biomolecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins, which interact with internal organs across the human body, which interact with internal organs across the human body [7, 13–15]. These biomolecules fundamentally share a structure and functional relationship influenced by their physiological environment and may be treated as biomarkers that can be used to diagnose pathologies and monitor disease progression and treatment therapeutics [7, 13–15]. Thus, FTIR spectroscopy represents an attractive analytical technique for clinical biofluid tests to aid patient diagnosis, prognosis, disease stratification and medical observation.…”