The use of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the quantitative determination of glucose concentration in whole blood

Abstract

Fourier-transform infrared transmission spectroscopy has been used for the determination of glucose concentration in whole blood samples from 28 patients. A 4-vector partial least-squares calibration model, using the spectral range 950-1200 cm(-1), yielded a standard-error-of-prediction of 0.59 mM for an independent test set. For blood samples from a single patient, we found that the glucose concentration was proportional to the difference between the values of the second derivative spectrum at 1082 cm(-1) and 1093 cm(-1). This indicates that spectroscopy at these two specific wavenumbers alone could be used to determine the glucose concentration in blood plasma samples from a single patient, with a prediction error of 0.95 mM.

Glucose sensors: a review of current and emerging technology

“…In addition to this, MIR light has a low path length through tissue, meaning that it is only able to measure superficial concentrations. Despite this, glucose concentrations have been measured in whole blood in vitro with a standard prediction error of 0.95 mmol/l [26]. In contrast to MIR, near infrared (NIR) light (wavelength 0.7-1.4 μ m) provides an optical window in which 90-95% of light passes through the stratum corneum and epidermis into the subcutaneous space independent of skin pigmentation.…”

Sensing Glucose and Other Metabolites in Skin

“…Further, the magnitude of the absorption peaks and the dynamic range required to record them make quantification based on these sharp peaks difficult. Nonetheless, attempts have been made to quantify blood glucose using IR absorption spectroscopy in vitro and in vivo [8,[23][24][25][26].…”

“…Sensitivity to other physiological effects related to glucose increase [57,58] Mid-IR spectroscopy Uses spectrum fingerprints to quantify the concentration of carbohydrates in tissue with good specificity [22][23][24][25][26] Raman spectroscopy Uses specific spectral bands that are less affected by water. Provides potentially precise and accurate analysis of metabolite concentration.…”

“…Methods based on fluorescence [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopic [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], Raman spectroscopic [22,[27][28][29], photoacoustic [30,31], optical coherence tomography (OCT) [32][33][34][35][36], and other techniques are discussed in this chapter.…”

Real-time, closed-loop dual-wavelength optical polarimetry for glucose monitoring

“…Several optical modalities have been employed as means to ascertain glucose levels noninvasively. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] These include, but are not limited to, optical coherence tomography ͑OCT͒, 2-4 optical polarimetry, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and spectroscopic techniques such as Raman, 13,14 mid-infrared ͑MIR͒, 15 near-infrared ͑NIR͒, 16,17 and fluorescence spectroscopy. [18][19][20][21] The focus in this paper is in addressing the critical issue of corneal birefringence in the presence of eye motion for glucose monitoring using optical polarimetry.…”