The Use of Fiberoptics in Clinical Cardiac Catheterization

Abstract

Intracardiac blood oxygen saturation was determined in 31 patients, at cardiac catheterization, by means of a fiberoptic in vivo hemoreflection system, giving an immediate report. When compared to in vitro spectrophotometric analysis of samples obtained through a second catheter, a standard error of estimate of only 1.99-per cent saturation (r = 0.966) was found for the higher speed instrument (response time 0.07 second) and 1.13-per cent saturation (r = 0.992) for the slower instrument (response time 1.5 seconds). The average of the standard deviations of saturation values in cardiac chambers in which no primary mixing occurred, was only 0.88-per cent saturation. The continuous recording of oxygen saturation while moving the catheter, permits measurements at multiple sites within a brief period of time (14 to 26 seconds through the right side of the heart). Oxygen saturation changes can be continuously monitored under changing conditions, such as exercise. Finally, the higher speed instrument permits investigation of changes in oxygen saturation in patients with congenital heart disease within portions of the cardiac cycle.

Review of fiber-optic pressure sensors for biomedical and biomechanical applications

“…[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] In the last years, their expansion has been benefiting from the development of telecommunications and OF communications, in particular, which are offering high-quality, miniaturized, and affordable optoelectronic components at competitive prices.…”

“…[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] Their working principle is based on the variation of the light intensity or amplitude. Some possible configurations have been described: 43,44 an OF placed in front of a movable and reflecting mirror (Fig.…”

“…As will be described, initial studies made use of similar configurations. However, instead of a single OF, bundles of OF and nonfiber-optical components were used as waveguides due to problems in light coupling that time; [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]45 two OF in front of each other at a known distance (Fig. 2).…”

Fiber optic intensity-modulated sensors: a review in biomechanics

“…The reflected light has been analyzed spectrophotometrically, on the basis of the linear relationship between the measurand and the ratio of the intensities of the two reflected wavelengths [25]. The following years have been particularly prolific using this or similar techniques in the laboratory and clinical environments [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35].…”

Fiber Optic Oximetry and Reflexibility of Light by Red Blood Cells

“…Polanyi and Hehir (1962) and Enson et al (1962) reported a method to measure oxygen saturation of blood by inserting a fiber optics into a blood vessel, in which a light was projected directly into blood stream via fiber optic light guide and a reflected light was measured. This method has advantages that oxygen saturation can be known in vivo without blood sampling and its rapid change concomitant with respiration or cardiac pulsation can be measured (Enson et al 1964;Gamble et al 1965;Frommer et al 1965;Harrison et al 1966;Mook et al 1968). The principle is based on the phenomenon that the reflected light from red blood cells changes with the change of oxygen saturation of blood as oxygen saturation plays in the absorp tion light for spectrophotometry (Nahas 1951).…”