The use of fiber reinforced polymeric composites in pipelines: A review

Alabtah, Fatima Ghassan; Mahdi, E.; Eliyan, Faysal Fayez

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114595

Cited by 82 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…At the present time, composite materials based on ultrathin carbon, glass, organic and other types of fibres in combination with polymeric binders are widely used in various branches of technology [1][2][3][4], such as general construction, bridge engineering, road infrastructure, transport, agricultural machinery, the power sector, biomedicine, and petrochemistry [5][6][7][8][9][10]. The shipbuilding industry, engine manufacturing, aviation, rocket and space technology are the most promising fields of application of polymeric composite materials [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Heating Mould for Composite Manufacturing

et al. 2021

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The shipbuilding industry, engine manufacturing, aviation, rocket and space technology are promising fields of application for polymeric composite materials. Shape-generating moulding tools with internal heating are used for the creation of a more economically viable method of moulding of internally heated composite structures. The use of a fine-fibered resistive structure in the heated tools allows implementation of effective heating of the composite and elimination of the need for expensive and energy-intensive heating equipment. The aim of this paper was the reduction of energy consumption for internally heated moulding tools by choosing the optimal parameters for their resistive layer. A method for determination of the parameters of the moulding tool resistive layer was developed. This method allows calculation of the heating layer parameters and implementation of the specified time–temperature regime for moulding of the composite structure. It was shown that energy saving for the heated fiberglass shape-generating moulding tools was from 40 to 60%. It was found that the increase in the thickness of the moulded package of the polymeric composite material resulted not only in a higher supplied power for the heating system, but also in a complication of the method for system control, because of the growing exothermic effect of the binder curing reaction. For composite products based on Hysol EA 9396 binder, thicknesses more than 4 mm are critical, because it is not possible to cope with the self-heating effect only by cooling with ambient air already utilized at the twentieth minute of the moulding process. The influence of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the moulding tool material and stiffening ribs was analysed in terms of energy consumption and controllability of the heating system. Fiberglass shows the lowest energy consumption. Heating of the aluminium and steel moulding tools for the same purpose will require 20% and 45% more power, respectively. An increase in the number of stiffening ribs has a strong effect on the heat removal of the heating system. With a small number of aluminium ribs it is not possible to maintain the specified temperature–time regime for a fiberglass moulded package of 5 mm thick with the use of the equipment. However, when the number of stiffeners is increased to 10, the exothermic effect of the reaction becomes smoother and then the heating equipment can cope with the task. An experimental prototype of heating equipment of moulding tools for the manufacturing of structures of polymeric composite materials, as well as a flexible thermal blanket for repair of non-separable structures, were developed. The results can be the basis for a new method of optimal design of parameters of moulding tool structure at minimal heat removal to the environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Heating Mould for Composite Manufacturing

et al. 2021

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“…Although effective for the short term, these practices suffer from sustained efficiency in the long term and from added cost to repeated maintenance and repair. Alternatively, composite pipe materials have been introduced and widely accepted in the oil and gas industry [ 25 ]. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are frequently utilized in the chemical industry for pipelines and storage tanks [ 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GFR/epoxy are the most used materials for overwrapping metallic pipes due to their low cost, good mechanical and insulating properties [ 35 , 36 ], and deterioration resistance, especially when they interact with sweet or salty water. Numerous studies experimentally tested the use of glass-reinforced polymer (GRP) pipes in different applications [ 25 ]. Glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composite pipes are used in submarine applications, natural gas and oil transportation lines, and the transfer of chemical liquids, especially in the transport of pressurized fluids, where changes in the strength of the pipes are essential [ 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zhou et al [ 42 ] investigated the effect of using CFRP and GFRP composites on corrosion resistance of innovative steel–FRP composite bars in NaCl solution, where it was found that the corrosion rates of carbon type and glass type were less than 1/10 and 1/100, respectively, than that of an ordinary steel bar. However, when exposed to acidic corrosive media or harsh oil-well conditions, the GFRP may be degraded due to abrasion, change in brittleness, delamination, or separation of fiber from the matrix, and degradation of the matrix because of the highly corrosive environments [ 25 ]. Some researchers investigated the harsh environmental effect on the GFR/epoxy mechanical properties, durability, and performance [ 43 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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External Corrosion Behavior of Steel/GFRP Composite Pipes in Harsh Conditions

2021

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In this study, we report on the corrosion behavior of hybrid steel/glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite pipes under harsh corrosive conditions for prolonged durations. Specimens were immersed in highly concentrated solutions of hydrochloric acid, sodium chloride, and sulfuric acid for durations up to one year. Detailed qualitative analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) is presented. It is shown that the hybrid pipes have excellent corrosion resistance with a corrosion rate of less than 1% of the corrosion rate for conventional steel pipes. That low corrosion rate can be attributed to the formation of pores in the GFRP layer due to increased absorption and saturation moisture in the material with increased soaking time. This can be reduced or even prevented through a more controlled process for fabricating the protective layers. These promising results call for more utilization of GFRP protective layers in novel design concepts to control corrosion.

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“…Experts in the oil and gas industries agree that future transmission pipelines will operate at higher pressures and will be more resistant to corrosion [15]. To meet the increased demands, maintain safety and reliability, and be competitive, pipeline designers and operators are looking for alternative materials and composite systems to conventional metallic pipes and pure composite pipelines [16]. One obvious alternative is to use fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) as a coating for metallic pipes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the Development of Novel Hybrid Composite Steel Pipes: Electrochemical Evaluation of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Layered Steel against Corrosion

et al. 2021

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Corrosion remains one of the major and most costly challenges faced by the steel industry. Various fiber-reinforced polymer coating systems have been proposed to protect metallic piping distribution networks against corrosion. Despite increasing interest among scientific and industrial communities, there is only limited predictive capability for selecting the optimum composite system for a given corrosive condition. In this study, we present a comprehensive evaluation of the electrochemical behavior of two different fiber-reinforced polymer composite systems against the corrosion of carbon steel pipes under a wide range of acidic and corrosive solutions. The composites were made of glass and Kevlar fibers with an epoxy resin matrix and were subjected to corrosive solutions of 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M HCl, and 0.5 M H2SO4. The kinetics of the corrosion reactions were evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) tests. In addition, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were carried out at open circuit potentials (OCPs). It was demonstrated that the glass fiber-reinforced polymer coating system offered the best protection against corrosion, with a high stability against deterioration when compared with epoxy and Kevlar fiber-reinforced polymer coating systems. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed cracks and deteriorated embedded fibers due to acid attack, sustained/assisted by the diffusion of the corrosion species.

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The use of fiber reinforced polymeric composites in pipelines: A review

Cited by 82 publications

References 108 publications

Self-Heating Mould for Composite Manufacturing

Self-Heating Mould for Composite Manufacturing

External Corrosion Behavior of Steel/GFRP Composite Pipes in Harsh Conditions

Towards the Development of Novel Hybrid Composite Steel Pipes: Electrochemical Evaluation of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Layered Steel against Corrosion

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