The Use of Ferrofluids in Analytical Sample Preparation: A Review

González-Martín, Raúl; Gutiérrez‐Serpa, Adrián; Pino, Verónica

doi:10.3390/separations8040047

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(281 reference statements)

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“…Specifically, ionic surfactants generate ionic repulsion. 99 Additionally, the magnetic NPs can be stabilized in a carrier liquid through van der Waals forces, dipolar attractive interactions, and magnetostatic interactions. 100 In summary, stability results from the balance of repulsive (Brownian motions, steric forces, and electrostatic forces) and attractive forces (van der Waals and dipolar attractive forces).…”

Section: Synthesis Of Ferrofluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Approaches on Ferrofluid Synthesis and Applications: Current Status and Future Perspectives

et al. 2022

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Ferrofluids are colloidal suspensions of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) within aqueous or nonaqueous liquids that exhibit strong magnetic properties. These magnetic properties allow ferrofluids to be manipulated and controlled when exposed to magnetic fields. This review aims to provide the current scope and research opportunities regarding the methods of synthesis of nanoparticles, surfactants, and carrier liquids for ferrofluid production, along with the rheology and applications of ferrofluids within the fields of medicine, water treatment, and mechanical engineering. A ferrofluid is composed of IONPs, a surfactant that coats the magnetic IONPs to prevent agglomeration, and a carrier liquid that suspends the IONPs. Coprecipitation and thermal decomposition are the main methods used for the synthesis of IONPs. Despite the fact that thermal decomposition provides precise control on the nanoparticle size, coprecipitation is the most used method, even when the oxidation of iron can occur. This oxidation alters the ratio of maghemite/magnetite, influencing the magnetic properties of ferrofluids. Strategies to overcome iron oxidation have been proposed, such as the use of an inert atmosphere, adjusting the Fe(II) and Fe(III) ratio to 1:2, and the exploration of other metals with the oxidation state +2. Surfactants and carrier liquids are chosen according to the ferrofluid application to ensure stability. Hence, a compatible carrier liquid (polar or nonpolar) is selected, and then, a surfactant, mainly a polymer, is embedded in the IONPs, providing a steric barrier. Due to the variety of surfactants and carrier liquids, the rheological properties of ferrofluids are an important response variable evaluated when synthesizing ferrofluids. There are many reported applications of ferrofluids, including biosensing, medical imaging, medicinal therapy, magnetic nanoemulsions, and magnetic impedance. Other applications include water treatment, energy harvesting and transfer, and vibration control. To progress from synthesis to applications, research is still ongoing to ensure control of the ferrofluids’ properties.

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Section: Synthesis Of Ferrofluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This characteristic favors the establishment of steric repulsions. Specifically, ionic surfactants generate ionic repulsion . Additionally, the magnetic NPs can be stabilized in a carrier liquid through van der Waals forces, dipolar attractive interactions, and magnetostatic interactions .…”

Section: Synthesis Of Ferrofluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Approaches on Ferrofluid Synthesis and Applications: Current Status and Future Perspectives

et al. 2022

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“…[742][743][744][745][746][747][748] Ferrofluids are used, by exploiting highly sensitive detection and imaging techniques based on nonlinear properties of nanomagnets or various liquid-phase adsorption/magnetic separation processes, to extract toxic and harmful analytes from different matrices. 123,124,[749][750][751][752][753] A ferrofluid-based biosensor for histamine detection in red wines is a combination of magnetic competitive lateral flow immunoassay strips and an inductive sensor using recombinant protein functionalized 10 nm mean size superparamagnetic iron-oxide NPs for the magnetic quantification of the toxic component. 754 The ferrofluid aided inductive biosensor was validated against ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography analyses and proved to be successful as a histamine point-of-use analytical technique.…”

Section: Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%