The use of fermented buckwheat to produce l-carnitine enriched oyster mushroom

Abstract

l-Carnitine is an essential compound that shuttles long chain fatty acids into mitochondria. The objective of this study was to produce l-carnitine enriched oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using common buckwheat fermented by Rhizopus oligosporus. Mushroom grown on common buckwheat medium contained 9.9–23.9% higher l-carnitine (186.3 mg/kg) than those grown on basal medium without any buckwheat addition. Those grown on fermented common buckwheat medium contained the highest l-carnitine content (201.2 mg/kg). Size index and lightness of mushroom pileus (L*) were also the highest (100.7 and 50.6, respectively) for those grown in medium added with fermented common buckwheat (20%, w/w). Antioxidant activities of both mushroom extracts (1.5 mg/mL) showed the same level as 38.7% for mushroom grown in media added with common buckwheat or fermented common buckwheat. At the treatment concentration of 300 μg/mL, viabilities of murine macrophage cell line Raw 264.7 cells treated with ethanol extract of oyster mushroom grown on buckwheat medium ranged from 58.9 to 67.8%. The oyster mushroom grown on buckwheat and fermented buckwheat medium can be used as one of the substitutes for meat based diets.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13568-018-0664-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Chemical Constituents, Antioxidant, and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Different Fermented Gynostemma Pentaphyllum Leaves and Untargeted Metabolomic Measurement of the Metabolite Variation

“…However, a tendency to increase was observed for ATCC 334 and SWFU D16 during short-term fermentation. They achieved the maximum values on day 2 (115.28% and 214.82%, respectively), which was similar to that of fermented mulberry leaf reported previously [ 26 ].…”

Production of L-carnitine-enriched edible filamentous fungal biomass through submerged cultivation

“…The amount of L-carnitine in A. oryzae pure biomass was three times, two times, and seven times and a half times higher than that found in the biomass of R. oryzae, R. oligosporus , and N. intermedia , respectively ( Table 1 ). In addition to be limited to studies applying solid-state fermentation, a narrow range of strains, where R. oligosporus is the filamentous fungus of choice in single or in association with Pleurotus ostreatus , as well as a narrow range of substrates, namely buckwheat, quinoa, and ginseng, have been used for the production of L-carnitine [ 21 , 22 , 35 , 36 ]. Fermentation with R. oligosporus led to an increase of four times (from 168.6 to 680.9 μg/kg) in L-carnitine concentration of buckwheat [ 21 ].…”

“…The yolk of Hy-Line brown hens that were fed with fermented buckwheat as feed additive showed enriched L-carnitine (13.6%) in comparison with that of the control group [ 21 ]. A two-stage fermentation on buckwheat, including the first fermentation with R. oligosporus followed by fermentation with oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus ), was found beneficial and led to the highest yield of L-carnitine, namely, of 201.2 mg/kg in comparison to that obtained following fermentation with only the mushroom (186.3 mg/kg) [ 22 ]. Further studies using R. oligosporus reported a yield of L-carnitine of 3.14 and 630 mg/kg following 3 days of fermentation on quinoa [ 36 ] and 14 days on wild ginseng [ 35 ], respectively ( Table 2 ).…”

“…Therefore, alternative L-carnitine sources are needed where food-grade filamentous fungi can become an important contributor. So far, all studies regarding L-carnitine production by filamentous fungi are based on solid-state fermentation for nutritional valorization of low-value solid residuals, leading to a heterogeneous final product composed of fungal mycelium and unconsumed substrate’s components [ 21 , 22 ]. Although solid-state fermentation is a valuable and low-energy intensive strategy for valorization of solid residuals, its scale-up is difficult and it is presently limited to small-scale applications for the production of human food products [ 23 ].…”

Brewing Rutin-Enriched Lager Beer with Buckwheat Malt as Adjuncts

“…All of the samples were filtered using a 0.2-μm-pore-size membrane syringe filter (Pall Corporation, USA). Then, 1 μl of each sample was injected into UPLC-MS (Waters H-class equipped with QDa detector, MA, USA) on a 1.7-μm BEH C 1 8 column (2.1 mm × 150 mm) for the simultaneous determination of rutin and quercetin content, as described in a previous report of ours [20].…”