The Use of Essential Oils Against Sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes

doi:10.47278/book.ahp/2022.12

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The costs are directly linked to the reduction in well-being and productivity, increased mortality, the widespread use of anthelmintics and higher managerial costs [ 2 ]. Traditionally, the therapeutic approach consists of the prescription and administration of chemotherapy, only rarely preceded by a visit to the animals and parasitological investigations [ 3 , 4 ]. This procedure, not in accordance with good clinical and preventive practice, is very problematic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential New Therapeutic Approaches Based on Punica granatum Fruits Compared to Synthetic Anthelmintics for the Sustainable Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep

Castagna

Bava

Musolino

et al. 2022

Animals

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Parasites, in particular, gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) represent one of the main burdens affecting small ruminant farming and pose a serious threat to their health, welfare, productivity, and reproduction. The correct management of animals and the correct use of anthelmintic drugs are the pillars of the GIN control programs for small ruminants. However, globally due to the indiscriminate use of synthetic anthelmintics, there is a significant increase in anthelmintic resistance phenomena to one or more classes of drugs. Even if such a problem never represented a serious threat in southern Italy because of the favourable environmental conditions and because of the good farm management, the phenomenon is actually showing a steep increasing trend and requires alternative treatment measures and constant monitoring. The use of phytotherapies is considered a valuable alternative approach for GIN control in small ruminants and could help with reducing the amount of synthetic drugs used and the forthcoming anthelmintic resistance. From this perspective, the Calabria territory offers a wide number of plants with anthelmintic efficacy that could be helpful for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of aqueous pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) macerate compared to the treatment with Ivermectin and Albendazole in sheep naturally infected with GINs. The pomegranate macerate derives from the ethnoveterinary knowledge of the Calabria region, Southern Italy. The anthelmintic efficacy was evaluated according to the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRt) using the FLOTAC techniques in two sheep farms in Southern Italy. The FECR was calculated from individual samples using the formula FECR = 100 × (1 − [T2/C2]). The treatment with Albendazole in the first farm showed an efficacy of 99.8% after 14 days and 94.8% after 21 days, while the treatment with Ivermectin in the second farm showed an efficacy of 99.9% after 14 days and 96.5% after 21 days of treatment. The pomegranate macerate, in both farms, showed a value of efficacy of around 50% from day 7 to day 21 after the treatment. Previous studies highlighted the presence of gallic acid as the main component in the pomegranate macerate, and its efficacy in nematode control has been as well previously demonstrated in other plant extracts. This in vivo study demonstrated the unequivocal efficacy of plant macerate in easily reducing 50% of the number of GIN eggs in sheep faeces. These results, obtained without the use of synthetic anthelmintics, indicate the use of green veterinary pharmacology as a sustainable alternative to the use of synthetic drugs to reduce the increase in drug resistance phenomena and the environmental impact.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most frequently reported resistance phenomena to refer to Benzimidazoles (BZ), such as Albendazole (ALB) and macrocyclic lactones (ML), in particular Ivermectin (IVM) [ 4 ]. Farm-level anthelmintic resistance (AR) in sheep and goats in Europe has been documented to reach 86% in BZ and 52% in ML.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential New Therapeutic Approaches Based on Punica granatum Fruits Compared to Synthetic Anthelmintics for the Sustainable Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep

Castagna

Bava

Musolino

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…The culinary, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and agricultural sectors have all found many uses for EOs, which has led to a current wave of studies on secondary plant metabolites. Thus, studies on the medicinal properties of EOs have increased in recent years [26][27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Essential Oils to Counteract the Phenomena of Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock Species

Lupia,

Castagna,

Bava

et al. 2024

Antibiotics

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Antimicrobial resistance is an increasingly widespread phenomenon that is of particular concern because of the possible consequences in the years to come. The dynamics leading to the resistance of microbial strains are diverse, but certainly include the incorrect use of veterinary drugs both in terms of dosage and timing of administration. Moreover, the drug is often administered in the absence of a diagnosis. Many active ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations are, therefore, losing their efficacy. In this situation, it is imperative to seek alternative treatment solutions. Essential oils are mixtures of compounds with different pharmacological properties. They have been shown to possess the antibacterial, anti-parasitic, antiviral, and regulatory properties of numerous metabolic processes. The abundance of molecules they contain makes it difficult for treated microbial species to develop pharmacological resistance. Given their natural origin, they are environmentally friendly and show little or no toxicity to higher animals. There are several published studies on the use of essential oils as antimicrobials, but the present literature has not been adequately summarized in a manuscript. This review aims to shed light on the results achieved by the scientific community regarding the use of essential oils to treat the main agents of bacterial infection of veterinary interest in livestock. The Google Scholar, PubMed, SciELO, and SCOPUS databases were used for the search and selection of studies. The manuscript aims to lay the foundations for a new strategy of veterinary drug use that is more environmentally friendly and less prone to the emergence of drug resistance phenomena.

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“…As far as GINs in sheep are concerned, some EOs have already shown high anthelmintic potential against different parasite stages (eggs, larvae and adults). The list of plant species used to obtain oils is already very extensive and includes various members of the genera Cymbopogon, Eucalyptus, Mentha, Lippia, Citrus, Origanum and Melaleuca, among others (31,32). Most studies were conducted in vitro and against Haemonchus contortus and date from recent years, indicating the novelty of the topics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro anthelmintic potential of selected essential oils against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep

Štrbac,

Krnjajić,

Simin

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background Gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) represent major obstacle to modern small ruminant farming due to their various negative effects on animal health, welfare and productivity. The exclusive use of commercial, synthetic anthelmintics is no longer a sustainable option due to the development of resistance in GINs and the problem of residues of these drugs in animal products and the environment. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the phytotherapeutic properties of seven different plant essential oils (EOs): Citrus x sinensis (L.) Osbeck, Citrus medica (L.), Mentha spicata (L.), Ocimum basilicum (L.), Hyssopus officinalis (L.), Salvia officinalis (L.) and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. against GINs in sheep. Methods First, the chemical composition (qualitative and semi-quantitative characterization) of the tested EOs was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Their anthelmintic potential was evaluated in vitro using the egg hatch test, which was performed at eight different concentrations of each oil: 50, 12.5, 3.125, 0.781, 0.195, 0.049, 0.025 and 0.0125 mg/ml. Finally, a coproculture examination was performed to determine the genera of GIN against which the oils were tested. Results Some of the most frequently identified compounds in GC-MS analyses were limonene, myrcene, α- and β- pinene, γ-terpinene, sabinene, linalool, eucalyptol, terpinen-4-ol, camphor, etc., with their total number per oil varying from 8 (C. sinensis) to 42 (O. basilicum). The tested EOs showed a dose-dependent (R2 close to 1) ovicidal activity, with O. basilicum (23.3–93.3%, IC50 = 0.08 mg/ml), M. spicata (13.0-92.7%, IC50 = 0.07 mg/ml) and H. officinalis (42.7–91.3%, IC50 = 0.19 mg/ml) being the most effective. The high activity of these oils could be attributed to the high content of the monoterpene alcohol linalool and the terpenoid ketones carvone and pinocamphone. The least effective were S. officinalis (15.0–89.0%, IC50 = 0.53 mg/ml) and C. medica 12.3–95.0% (IC50 = 2.52 mg/ml). Four genera of sheep GINs were identified on coproculture examination, i.e. Haemonchus 43%, Trichostrongylus 35%, Teladorsagia 17% and Chabertia 5%. Conclusion The results obtained suggest that EOs tested, especially wild mint, basil and hyssop, could represent a valuable alternative in the control of GINs in sheep, which could help to reduce the use of chemical drugs. Future field trials should be performed to confirm these findings.

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The Use of Essential Oils Against Sheep Gastrointestinal Nematodes

Cited by 3 publications

References 52 publications

Potential New Therapeutic Approaches Based on Punica granatum Fruits Compared to Synthetic Anthelmintics for the Sustainable Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep

Potential New Therapeutic Approaches Based on Punica granatum Fruits Compared to Synthetic Anthelmintics for the Sustainable Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep

Use of Essential Oils to Counteract the Phenomena of Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock Species

In vitro anthelmintic potential of selected essential oils against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep

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