The use of diisopropyl xanthogen polysulfide as a potential accelerator in efficient sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber compounds

Abstract

With the emerging concerns on the use of nitrosamine evolving accelerators, safer alternatives are desirable for the rubber industry. In the present study, cure characteristics, physicomechanical properties, crosslink density, aging, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties of vulcanizates prepared with two nitrosamine safe binary accelerator systems containing diisopropyl xanthogen polysulfide (DIXP) and tetrabenzyl thiuram disulfide (TBzTD), and DIXP and dibenzyl dithiocarbamate (ZBeC) were investigated for efficient sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber (NR) compounds. Synergistic effect in both cure and physicomechanical properties was observed for all the combinations of the two accelerator systems. The composition containing DIXP with a lower loading (0.6 phr) of TBzTD, and ZBeC, demonstrated the highest technological performance. Retention of tensile properties on oxidative aging was highest for the vulcanizate prepared with DIXP/TBzTD (1.4/0.6). Dynamic mechanical and thermogravimetric analysis further confirmed the crosslink density and thermal stability of the network structure of the binary systems. In overall, DIXP shows the potential to be used as a safer accelerator in the manufacture of appropriate dry NR-based rubber products.

Influence of environmentally friendly curing system on properties of railway rubber pad

“…The t 90 of the samples was different in Table 2, which is caused by the difference of molecular structure of accelerator. In the accelerated vulcanization of the thiuram accelerator, the vulcanization efficiency will depend on the properties of the group attached to the nitrogen atom of the accelerator 32 . As shown in Figure 3, the N of TMTD is attached to the methyl group, the electron donor group, and the N of TB Z TD is attached to the benzyl group, which is the electron‐attracting group.…”

“…In the accelerated vulcanization of the thiuram accelerator, the vulcanization efficiency will depend on the properties of the group attached to the nitrogen atom of the accelerator. 32 As shown in Figure 3, the N of TMTD is attached to the methyl group, the electron donor group, and the N of TB Z TD is attached to the benzyl group, which is the electron-attracting group. Compared with the inductive effect, the electron donor group favors the molecular decomposition and participation in the crosslinking reaction.…”

Potent Application of Scrap from the Modified Natural Rubber Production as Oil Absorbent

“…Two regions of degradation of specimens were seen. The initial minor mass loss at around 180–200 °C was due to the presence of volatile matter such as stearic acid and TDAE oil, and the process was complete at about 300 °C [ 29 ]. Then, the major step of degradation of the blends (330–450 °C) was caused by the degradation of both SR and NR segments.…”

Phosphonium Ionic Liquid‐Activated Sulfur Vulcanization: A Way Forward to Reduce Zinc Oxide Levels in Industrial Rubber Formulations

“…ZnO is a global activator for the sulfur vulcanization process which improves the kinetics of the curing process and promotes the short sulfidic cross‐link formation with higher densities [20–27] . However, the low affinity of ZnO towards the non‐polar rubber entails its higher consumption (3–5 parts per hundred, phr) to achieve a good distribution in the polymer matrix [27–34] . This leads to a possible zinc leaching into the environment during the life cycle of rubber products (i. e., tires) [35–40] .…”

“…[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] However, the low affinity of ZnO towards the non-polar rubber entails its higher consumption (3-5 parts per hundred, phr) to achieve a good distribution in the polymer matrix. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] This leads to a possible zinc leaching into the environment during the life cycle of rubber products (i. e., tires). [35][36][37][38][39][40] Tire tread wear particles (TWPs) were recognized as the primary source of zinc leaching into stormwater runoff and also a vital source of pollutants in air and soil.…”