“…On the one hand, they have been employed in monitoring of elements, complexes or more complicated compounds, present on both sides of cell membranes (i. e., in intracellular and extracellular spaces), which are transported across them (e. g., Cd 2+ , Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ ) or which affect the transporting processes across them (phytochelatins, low molecular weight organic acids (e. g., oxalic, citric, and malic) ). For these purposes, voltammetric techniques (e. g., cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry) and differential potentiometric stripping analysis (DPSA, chronopotentiometry) have been utilized.…”