The Use of Clomiphene Citrate

García, Jairo E.; Jones, George Fenwick; Wentz, Anne Colston

doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)42670-1

Cited by 234 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…This discrepancy has been attributed to a negative action of CC, in the form of antiestrogenic effects on endometrial receptivity [9]. Actually, histological studies have shown the estrogen-antiagonist effect of CC on the endometrium [22][23][24][25]. Ideally, glandular and stromal com-partments of the endometrium should be synchronous in their development and maturity; the importance of synchronizing endometrium has been demonstrated in various animal models where pregnancy rates can only be maintained if embryo transfer occurs within a 72-hour window during the early luteal phase (days [16][17][18][19] [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Dose of Ethinyl Estradiol Can Reverse the Antiestrogenic Effects of Clomiphene Citrate on Endometrium

Unfer

Costabile

Gerli

et al. 2001

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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Fifty healthy, voluntary patients aged between 20 and 30 years with regular menstruation and plasmatic progesterone level >10 ng/ml at the midluteal phase have been enrolled in this study. They were randomly treated with clomiphene citrate (CC; group A) or CC + ethinyl estradiol (0.05 mg group B, or 0.02 mg group C). We estimated the difference in uterine artery pulsatily index, endometrial thickness and histological dating and morphometric analysis of endometrium. No significant differences in Pulsatility Index values and in the number of preovulatory follicles were noted. The difference between endometrial thickness, histological dating and morphometric analysis of the endometrium were statistically different between groups B and C vs. A. Our study shows that CC has a deleterious effect on endometrium maturity and that adding ethinyl-E₂ produces a favorable endometrial response even with very low doses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Dose of Ethinyl Estradiol Can Reverse the Antiestrogenic Effects of Clomiphene Citrate on Endometrium

Unfer

Costabile

Gerli

et al. 2001

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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“…The possibility that clomiphene citrate might prevent abortion, due to luteal insufficiency, has been proposed by several authors (Garcia et al, 1977;Hammond and Taubert, 1982;Rodin et al, 1994). This was confirmed in our clinic, where the spontaneous abortion rate in patients with a preconception diagnosis of luteal insufficiency was 18.3% in patients treated with clomiphene citrate, compared with the 23.6% in spontaneous pregnancies .…”

Section: Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future use of clomiphene in ovarian stimulation. Will clomiphene persist in the 21st century?

Tarlatzis

Grimbizis²

1998

Human Reproduction

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“…The success rate in inducing ovulation was 57-91% [4][5][6][7][8][9]. However, conception occurs in only 27-40% of the cases and approximately 25% of these pregnancies terminate in miscarriage [10]. CC adversely affects cervical mucus quality and endometrial morphology [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endometrial Development Was Improved by Transdermal Estradiol in Patients Treated with Clomiphene Citrate

Shimoya

Tomiyama

Hashimoto

et al. 1999

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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The objective of this study was to examine the effect of transdermal estrogen therapy on the endometrial thickness and serum hormone levels in anovulatory patients treated with clomiphene citrate (CC). There was a significant difference in endometrial thickness between the CC + transdermal estrogen group and the CC only group from day –2 to day +2. Serum estradiol (E₂) levels in the CC + transdermal estrogen group were significantly higher than those in the CC only group on day –2 and day 0. Our results support that addition of transdermal E₂ to the treatment protocol of the women treated with CC elicited a favorable response of the endometrium.

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The Use of Clomiphene Citrate

Cited by 234 publications

References 9 publications

Low Dose of Ethinyl Estradiol Can Reverse the Antiestrogenic Effects of Clomiphene Citrate on Endometrium

Low Dose of Ethinyl Estradiol Can Reverse the Antiestrogenic Effects of Clomiphene Citrate on Endometrium

Future use of clomiphene in ovarian stimulation. Will clomiphene persist in the 21st century?

Endometrial Development Was Improved by Transdermal Estradiol in Patients Treated with Clomiphene Citrate

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