The Use of Calcium Hydride for the Determination of the Solubility of Water in Benzene, Carbon Tetrachloride and Toluene

Rosenbaum, Chester K.; Walton, James H.

doi:10.1021/ja01372a013

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…We observe a linear increase of λ max with T with a slope d λ max /d T =5.7 nm/°C, highlighting the high sensitivity of P and thus of the photonic band gap to T (Figure B). We can exclude that the thermal sensitivity of the LM color results from the T ‐dependent solubility of water in toluene: the latter increases with increasing T , hence the HPC concentration in the LM would increase with increasing T , which would in turn lead to a blue shift (Figure and Supporting Information). We observe the opposite, that is a red shift of the selective reflection upon LM heating.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…We chose toluene because it is a non‐solvent for HPC, ensuring the integrity of the LM. Furthermore, the low solubility of water in toluene (0.045 wt % at 20 °C) allows us to control the amount of water that is extracted from the LM, of critical importance for our ability to program the LM color. This is dictated by the volume of the toluene bath ( V bath ) in which the LM is immersed (Figure B).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responsive Photonic Liquid Marbles

et al. 2020

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Liquid marbles have potential to serve as minireactors for fabricating new materials,b ut this has been exploited little and mostly for conventional chemical reactions. Here,weuncover the unparalleled capability of liquid marbles to act as platforms for controlling the self-assembly of ab ioderived polymer,h ydroxypropyl cellulose,i nto ac holesteric liquid crystalline phase showing structural coloration by Bragg reflection. By adjusting the cholesteric pitchv ia quantitative water extraction, we achieve liquid marbles that we can tailor for structural color anywhere in the visible range.L iquid marbles respond with color change that can be detected by eye, to changes in temperature,e xposure to toxic chemicals and mechanical deformation. Our concept demonstrates the advantages of using liquid marbles as am iniature platform for controlling the liquid crystal self-assembly of bio-derived polymers,a nd their exploitation to fabricate sustainable, responsive soft photonic objects.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responsive Photonic Liquid Marbles

et al. 2020

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“…VLLE compositions of water with (a) benzene and (b) toluene. Solid red line: SAFT-VR Mie predictions with ε cross = 0.5ε AB,water , red dashed line: SAFT-VR Mie predictions with ε cross = 0.6ε AB,water , and points are experimental solubility data: (a): ◇, ×, ○, +, △, □, *, -, ■, ◆, ▲, ●, and ▲; (b) ◇, ×, ○, +, △, □, *, -, ■, and ◆. 130 …”

Section: Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water–Hydrocarbon Phase Equilibria with SAFT-VR Mie Equation of State

Novak

Kontogeorgis

Castier

et al. 2021

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The study of water -hydrocarbon phase equilibria is very important both for scientific as well as industrial purposes. This work is a thorough investigation of the predictive capability of SAFT-VR Mie equation of state (EoS) for aqueous hydrocarbon phase equilibria, including n-alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes, branched alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. For alkenes and alkyl benzenes, induced association (solvation) with water is considered. The model is able to capture the correct phase equilibrium topology for mixtures of n-alkanes and alkyl-benzenes with water as Type III according to Van Konynenburg and Scott, but is not able to predict the barometric shift for alkanes longer than n-hexacosane, due to the overshoot of the critical temperature of water.Quantitative results for the solubility of water in light hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane and ethylene, as well as the mutual solubility of hydrocarbons and water above the solubility minimum are possible. The latter is not predicted with SAFT-VR Mie EoS, similar to other EoS in the literature. Accurate predictions are also reported for the pressure of the three-phase equilibrium and the critical lines for the binary mixtures. The Henry's law constant is often used for the prediction of low-pressure vapor-liquid equilibrium, due to the low mutual solubility of hydrocarbons and water. EoS calculations are in reasonable agreement with experimental data for the Henry's constant, especially at higher temperatures. Qualitatively, SAFT-VR Mie captures the maximum of the Henry's constant with temperature, as well as the shift with carbon number at temperatures near critical to water. SAFT-VR Mie is shown to be overall capable for straightforward prediction of phase equilibria of aqueous hydrocarbon mixtures.

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“…However, the small solubility of toluene in water [39] and water in toluene [40] results in a slow conversion of III ( Figure 7, curve 10). The reaction turns into completion after t % 360 min and the time constant of the reaction is t = 57 min.…”

Section: Epoxidation Of Vitamin Kmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dramatic Enhancement of Enone Epoxidation Rates in Nonionic Microemulsions

Wielpütz

Sottmann

Strey

et al. 2006

Chemistry A European J

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The ability of microemulsions to dissolve polar and non-polar components with a huge internal interface can overcome the reagent incompatibilities frequently encountered in organic reactions. We investigated model epoxidation reactions of alpha,beta-unsaturated enones and alkaline hydrogen peroxide in different nonionic microemulsions, both in the presence and absence of a phase-transfer agent (PTA). The obtained reaction profiles were compared with those for the corresponding surfactant-free two-phase systems. In addition, we defined a time constant tau as a measure for the rate of turnover. The epoxidation of trans-chalcone using an n-alkyl-polyoxyethylene surfactant based microemulsion was fastest in the system with the PTA (tau=66 min) and slightly slower without the PTA (tau=77 min). It was still slower in the two-phase system with a PTA (tau=114 min) and extremely sluggish without a phase-transfer agent. With n-alkyl beta-D-glucopyranoside as the surfactant the conversion was twice as fast than in the former microemulsion systems, but the PTA did not accelerate the reaction further (tau=35 and 33 min). The epoxidation of vitamin K(3), the second model system, was extremely accelerated. It proceeded a factor of approximately 35 faster in the microemulsion (tau=1.44 min) than in the corresponding two-phase system (tau=57 min).

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The Use of Calcium Hydride for the Determination of the Solubility of Water in Benzene, Carbon Tetrachloride and Toluene

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Responsive Photonic Liquid Marbles

Responsive Photonic Liquid Marbles

Water–Hydrocarbon Phase Equilibria with SAFT-VR Mie Equation of State

Dramatic Enhancement of Enone Epoxidation Rates in Nonionic Microemulsions

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