The Use of Apologies in Social Predicaments

Schlenker, Barry R.; Darby, Bruce W.

doi:10.2307/3033840

Cited by 230 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…(p. 154) Generally, an apology acknowledges responsibility and regret for a violation. Schlenker and Darby (1981) argue that apologies vary in complexity. Perfunctory apologies ("Pardon me") can be augmented with at least five components that increase their complexity.…”

Section: Apologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Favor and Apology on Compliance

Goei

Roberto

Meyer

et al. 2007

Communication Research

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This study was designed to test the effects of favor and apology on compliance and to explain any potential effect via indebtedness, gratitude, and liking. Two experiments were devised to accomplish these ends. In the first experiment favor and apology were varied in the absence of a transgression to see if apologizing for not providing a favor can be used proactively to increase compliance. In the second experiment favor and apology were varied in a more common scenario, following a transgression. Results show that favor has a positive effect on compliance mediated by gratitude when using a general prosocial request and by liking when using a more altruistic request. Results also suggest that apology has a positive effect on liking and that apology has an indirect effect on compliance under certain conditions.

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Section: Apologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Favor and Apology on Compliance

Goei

Roberto

Meyer

et al. 2007

Communication Research

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“…Believing that one's social image is other than what one would like prompts face-saving strategies such as excuse-making (Snyder, Stucky, & Higgins, 1983), apologies (Schlenker & Darby, 1981), self-serving attributions (Weary & Arkin, 1981), doing favors (Apsler, 1975), denigrating others (Cialdini & Richardson, 1980), role-distancing (Archibald & Cohen, 1971), and compensatory impression management (Baumeister, 1982a;Baumeister & Jones, 1978;Hardy et al, 1986;. Even eating can serve an impression-repair function; in one study, women who thought a male lunch partner viewed them as masculine ate less than women who thought they were perceived as feminine (Mori et al, 1987).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impression management: A literature review and two-component model.

Leary¹,

Kowalski²

1990

Psychological Bulletin

2,377

1,948

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Impression management, the process by which people control the impressions others form of them, plays an important role in interpersonal behavior. This article presents a 2-component model within which the literature regarding impression management is reviewed. This model conceptualizes impression management as being composed of 2 discrete processes. The 1st involves impression motivation-the degree to which people are motivated to control how others see them. Impression motivation is conceptualized as a function of 3 factors: the goal-relevance of the impressions one creates, the value of desired outcomes, and the discrepancy between current and desired images. The 2nd component involves impression construction. Five factors appear to determine the kinds of impressions people try to construct: the self-concept, desired and undesired identity images, role constraints, target's values, and current social image. The 2-component model provides coherence to the literature in the area, addresses controversial issues, and supplies a framework for future research regarding impression management.People have an ongoing interest in how others perceive and evaluate them. Each year, Americans spend billions of dollars on diets, cosmetics, and plastic surgery-all intended to make them more attractive to others. Political candidates are packaged for the public's consumption like automobiles or breakfast cereals. Parents stress to their children the importance of first impressions and, when trying to control public misbehaviors, may admonish them to consider "what the neighbors will think." Millions of people become paralyzed at the prospect of speaking or performing in public because they are worried about the audience's evaluation of them. Even in relatively mundane encounters at home, work, school, and elsewhere, people monitor others' reactions to them and often try to convey images of themselves that promote their attainment of desired goals.Impression management (also called self-presentation) refers to the process by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others form of them. Because the impressions people make on others have implications for how others perceive, evaluate, and treat them, as well as for their own views of themselves, people sometimes behave in ways that will create certain impressions in others' eyes.Although most writers have used the terms impression management and self-presentation interchangeably, some have distinguished between them. Schlenker (1980), for example, denned impression management as the "attempt to control images that are projected in real or imagined social interactions" and reserved the term self-presentation for instances in which the projected images are "self-relevant" (p. 6). Presumably, people may manage the impressions of entities other than themCorrespondence concerning this article should be addressed to Mark R. Leary, Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Post Office Box 7778, Reynolda Station, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109.selves, such as bus...

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“…On the other hand, many other empirical studies have failed to confirm any gender differences in the use of this speech act in different languages (American English: Fraser, 1981;Schlenker andDarby' 1981, British English: Aijmer, 1995;Márquez Reiter, 2000;Deutschmann, 2003, Persian: Tajvidi, 2000Pejman Fard, 2004) and thus it seems that as Schumann (2011: 2) puts it, "despite widespread acceptance of the stereotype that women apologize more than men do, there is little compelling evidence of a gender difference in apology behavior. "…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Although the effect of gender on apologies has been investigated by many researchers (Fraser, 1981;Schlenker and Darby, 1981;Holmes, 1989;Blum-Kulka et. al., 1989;Mattson Bean andJohnston, 1994, Tannen, 1994;Aijmer, 1995;Má rquez Reiter, 2000;Tajvidi, 2000;Engel, 2001;Deutschmann, 2003;Lazare, 2004;Pejman Fard, 2004;Bataineh and Bataineh, 2005, 2006, 2008, there is still little consensus among the scholars in this regard.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in the Use of Apology Speech Act in Persian

Chamani

2014

IJL

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The present study investigates gender differences in the use of apologies and examines the effect of social status and social distance of on the frequency of performing and receiving apologies among males and females, in a corpus of 500 apology exchanges collected through an ethnographic method of observation in Iran and coded according to Olshtain and Cohen's (1983) model. The results revealed that there were no significant gender differences in the use of apologies in Persian, and that only gender of apologizer affected the use of explanation and promise of forbearance significantly in the corpus. It was also found that males apologized to male strangers with the highest frequency while females exchanged most apologies with their female friends, and that both men and women apologized more to equals. Significant age differences were also observed in the corpus.

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The Use of Apologies in Social Predicaments

Cited by 230 publications

References 5 publications

The Effects of Favor and Apology on Compliance

The Effects of Favor and Apology on Compliance

Impression management: A literature review and two-component model.

Gender Differences in the Use of Apology Speech Act in Persian

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