The use of an automatic on-line system for monitoring penicillin cultivation in a bubble-colum loop reactor

Bioprocess monitoring and computer control: Key roots of the current PAT initiative

“…Key advantages of sample removal were that some interfering substances were removed from broth via sample pretreatment and sterilization of the sensor itself was avoided (Lüdi et al, 1992), permitting use of biosensors which previously had limited in situ application due to their heat sensitivity (Schügerl, 2001). These sampling systems were either located externally to the fermenter or more recently utilized steam-sterilizable filtration probes situated inside the fermenter containing micro/ultra-filtration membranes (e.g., polysulfone, polycarbonate, hydrophilized polypropylene) of appropriate molecular weight cut-offs to avoid particle introduction into the analyzer (Chase, 1986;Möller et al, 1986;Niehoff et al, 1986;Rank et al, 1992) or automated centrifugation (Turner et al, 1993(Turner et al, , 1994. When cell broth was sampled for intracellular enzyme activity measurements, a reliable and automated method of cell wall permeabilization (Ahlmann et al, 1986;Blankenstein and Kula, 1991) or cell wall disintegration (Steube and Spohn, 1994) was required.…”

State of the art in on‐line techniques coupled to flow injection analysis FIA/on‐line‐ a critical review

“…The use of automatic on-line systems for monitoring fermentation processes has been widely cited in the literature [11,[161][162][163][164][165]; however, these authors have not mentioned FIA by name, but they talk about autoanalysers, especially those based on air-segmented flow [166] and which are commercially available [167,168].…”