The Use of Adjuvants to Facilitate Studies on the Immunologic Classification of Poliomyelitis Viruses123

Je, Salk; Lj, Lewis; Js, Youngner; Bl, Bennett

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119474

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Lansing strain (type 2) poliovirus either alone or combined with IFA was injected intramuscularly into rhesus monkeys. The adjuvanted virus produced higher antibody titers when diluted one hundred fold compared to undiluted nonadjuvanted virus, and still produced measurable neutralizing antibodies when diluted one thousand fold [29]. A 1963 study compared IPV with or without IFA given intramuscularly to rhesus monkeys [30].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjuvants and inactivated polio vaccine: A systematic review

Hawken

Troy

2012

Vaccine

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Poliomyelitis is nearing universal eradication; in 2011, there were 650 cases reported globally. When wild polio is eradicated, global oral polio vaccine (OPV) cessation followed by universal use of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is believed to be the safest vaccination strategy as IPV does not mutate or run the risk of vaccine derived outbreaks that OPV does. However, IPV is significantly more expensive than OPV. One strategy to make IPV more affordable is to reduce the dose by adding adjuvants, compounds that augment the immune response to the vaccine. No adjuvants are currently utilized in stand-alone IPV; however, several have been explored over the past six decades. From aluminum, used in many licensed vaccines, to newer and more experimental adjuvants such as synthetic DNA, a diverse group of compounds has been assessed with varying strengths and weaknesses. This review summarizes the studies to date evaluating the efficacy and safety of adjuvants used with IPV.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjuvants and inactivated polio vaccine: A systematic review

Hawken

Troy

2012

Vaccine

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“…The emulsifying agent is referred to as arlacel A; the latter is the trade name for mannide monooleate and was supplied by The Atlas Powder Company, Wilmington, Delaware. Both reagents have been used by Freund and his associates (12) and in the studies referred to above (9). In the initial experiments, the oil and the emulsifying agent were sterilized separately in the autoclave, for 15 minutes, at a pressure of 15 pounds and at 120°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of Adjuvants in Studies on Influenza Immunization

Salk

Laurent

1952

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Rather early in studies on influenza immunization in animals as well as in man, it was realized that immunizing effect, as reflected in antibody response induced by the vaccines employed, was limited and of relatively short duration. For these reasons (1) a variety of methods were explored for enhancing and prolonging the protective effect induced by vaccination (2-7). None, however, provided such striking results as those obtained in studies in animals reported by Friedewald (6), and in studies in man reported by Henle and Henle (7). These investigators used vaccines consisting of virus in water-in-oil emulsions in the manner developed in recent years by Freund (8).Although the immunologic data derived by Friedewald and the Henles were outstanding, in comparison to the effects induced by vaccines consisting of virus in an aqueous medium alone, the immunologic success was blighted by the occurrence of undesirable reactions at the site of inoculation. The problem remaining after these experiences seemed merely to be one of reducing or eliminating the untoward local reaction while retaining the immunologic advantage. That this could be accomplished was evident from observations made, in the course of certain other studies (9), when it was found that rather large doses of water-in-oil emulsions without acid-fast bacilli could be inoculated into monkeys without untoward local reactions. In the studies referred to reagents were used which were different from those employed by Friedewald and the Henles and the inoculum was introduced intramuscularly rather than subcutaneously.When influenza virus vaccine was prepared in this particular water-in-oil emulsion and administered to monkeys intramuscularly, it too could be given without producing undesirable effects at the inoculation site.

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“…Of the remaining 196, 100 had received one or more injections, 96 had received none. Of the 100 who had, 15 received it after the onset of illness and 4 on the day of onset, leaving 81 Francis and his associates (201) conducted a small-scale trial of gamma globulin in 1945. During an outbreak of poliomyelitis in Freeport, Illinois, three cases had occurred in a local institution for children.…”

Section: A Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunization Against Poliomyelitis

1952

BMJ

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The Use of Adjuvants to Facilitate Studies on the Immunologic Classification of Poliomyelitis Viruses123

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Adjuvants and inactivated polio vaccine: A systematic review

Adjuvants and inactivated polio vaccine: A systematic review

The Use of Adjuvants in Studies on Influenza Immunization

Immunization Against Poliomyelitis

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