The use of a quadruped as an in vivo model for the study of the spine – biomechanical considerations

Smit, Theo H.

doi:10.1007/s005860100346

Cited by 420 publications

(270 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…First, this study has not included bone mineralization and biomechanical properties of the specimens that may influence the choice of experimental specimens. Theoretical considerations show that the spine of the quadruped animal is mainly loaded along its long axis, just like the human spine [19]. However the animals have higher vertebral bone densities, thus, indicating that axial compression stress is higher than in humans [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Theoretical considerations show that the spine of the quadruped animal is mainly loaded along its long axis, just like the human spine [19]. However the animals have higher vertebral bone densities, thus, indicating that axial compression stress is higher than in humans [19]. Moreover, significant differences have been identified in flexibility testing between animal and human cadaveric specimens [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anatomy of large animal spines and its comparison to the human spine: a systematic review

et al. 2009

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Animal models have been commonly used for in vivo and in vitro spinal research. However, the extent to which animal models resemble the human spine has not been well known. We conducted a systematic review to compare the morphometric features of vertebrae between human and animal species, so as to give some suggestions on how to choose an appropriate animal model in spine research. A literature search of all English language peerreviewed publications was conducted using PubMed, OVID, Springer and Elsevier (Science Direct) for the years 1980-2008. Two reviewers extracted data on the anatomy of large animal spines from the identified articles. Each anatomical study of animals had to include at least three vertebral levels. The anatomical data from all animal studies were compared with the existing data of the human spine in the literature. Of the papers retrieved, seven were included in the review. The animals in the studies involved baboon, sheep, porcine, calf and deer. Distinct anatomical differences of vertebrae were found between the human and each large animal spine. In cervical region, spines of the baboon and human are more similar as compared to other animals. In thoracic and lumbar regions, the mean pedicle height of all animals was greater than the human pedicles. There was similar mean pedicle width between animal and the human specimens, except in thoracic segments of sheep. The human spinal canal was wider and deeper in the anteroposterior plane than any of the animals. The mean human vertebral body width and depth were greater than that of the animals except in upper thoracic segments of the deer. However, the mean vertebral body height was lower than that of all animals. This paper provides a comprehensive review to compare vertebrae geometries of experimental animal models to the human vertebrae, and will help for choosing animal model in vivo and in vitro spine research. When the animal selected for spine research, the structural similarities and differences found in the animal studies must be kept in mind.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy of large animal spines and its comparison to the human spine: a systematic review

et al. 2009

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“…There is also controversy as to whether the appropriate animal model for in vivo testing should have an upright posture [19]. Some believe that spinal loading depends on upright posture and have recommended the use of kangaroos or nonhuman primates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of their small disc height and diameter, prior studies using nonhuman primates have necessitated routine removal of substantial portions of the endplates in order to fit even miniaturized disc implants [20;21]. Furthermore, similarities in vertebral anatomy and trabecular orientation suggest similarities in the predominant axial forces in bipeds and quadrupeds [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mature runt cow lumbar intradiscal pressures and motion segment biomechanics

2009

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Background Context-The optimal animal model for in vivo testing of spinal implants, particularly total or partial disc replacement devices, has not yet been determined. Mechanical and morphological similarities of calf and human spines have been reported; however, limitations of the calf model include open growth plates and oversized vertebrae with growth. Mature runt cows (Corrientes breed) may avoid these limitations.

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“…Williams et al, have [56] also shown that the physiological strain of cat supraspinous ligaments is nearly identical to that of humans [34] requiring no scaling conversion as it is expressed in percent elongation. Smit [44] and Wilke et al [54,55] also validated the use of quadruped spine as an appropriate model for a human spine. Recently, the quadruped spine was also validated for vertebral osteoporosis [61].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Motor control of lumbar instability following exposure to various cyclic load magnitudes

et al. 2009

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The motor control system may compensate for lumbar instability following cyclic work with differential response to load magnitude. In vivo felines were exposed to a cumulative 1 h of cyclic work at 0.25 Hz. One group exposed to light whereas the second to heavy load while recording lumbar displacement and multifidus EMG during work and in single test cycles over 7 h rest post-work. Significant laxity and reduced reflexive EMG activity were evident immediately post-work in both groups. EMG and laxity recovered over 7 h rest in the group exposed to light load whereas in the group exposed to heavy load, motor control compensation was triggered within 1-2 h postwork. The compensation was expressed by earlier and stronger muscular activation than in baseline. It is concluded that cyclic work is deleterious to spine stability immediately after work. Work with heavy loads elicits delayed motor control compensation whereas work with light loads leaves the spine unstable and exposed to injury for several hours. Overall, prolonged cyclic or repetitive work elicits a transient instability disorder, regardless of the load handled, exposing the individual to potential injury.

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The use of a quadruped as an in vivo model for the study of the spine – biomechanical considerations

Cited by 420 publications

References 34 publications

Anatomy of large animal spines and its comparison to the human spine: a systematic review

Anatomy of large animal spines and its comparison to the human spine: a systematic review

Mature runt cow lumbar intradiscal pressures and motion segment biomechanics

Motor control of lumbar instability following exposure to various cyclic load magnitudes

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