The Use of a Creatinine Correction for Reporting Children’s Urinary Pesticide Concentrations

Allen, Ruth H.; Mage, David T.; Gondy, Gauthami; Christensen, Clayton M.; Barr, Dana Boyd; Needham, Larry L.

doi:10.1097/00001648-200407000-00171

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…Iron deficiency [ 79 , 80 ] and the HOME Inventory [ 34 ] are salient predictors of cognitive performance in children. Fifth, we accounted for the effect of hydration status on urinary metabolite excretion by adjusting for urinary creatinine [ 81 ]. Sixth, to compensate for missing covariate data, we conducted our analysis in a sample attained using multiple imputation [ 82 , 83 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrethroid and Chlorpyrifos Pesticide Exposure, General Intellectual Abilities, and Executive Functions of School Children from Montevideo, Uruguay

Rodríguez

Barg

Queirolo

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Children’s developing brains are susceptible to pesticides. Less is known about the effect of exposure to chlorpyrifos and pyrethroids on executive functions (EF). We measured urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), a metabolite of chlorpyrifos, and urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), a general, nonspecific metabolite of pyrethroids in first-grade children from Montevideo, Uruguay (n = 241, age 80.6 ± 6.4 months, 58.1% boys). EFs were assessed with the Intra-dimensional/Extra-dimensional shift (IED), Spatial Span (SSP), and Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated (CANTAB) Battery. General intellectual ability (GIA) was assessed using the Woodcock–Muñoz Cognitive battery. Median (range) urinary TCPy and 3-PBA levels were 16.7 (1.9, 356.9) ng/mg of creatinine and 3.3 (0.3, 110.6) ng/mg of creatinine, respectively. In multivariable generalized linear models, urinary TCPy was inversely associated with postdimensional errors on the IED task β [95% CI]: −0.11 [−0.17, −0.06]. Urinary 3-PBA was inversely associated with the total number of trials −0.07 [−0.10, −0.04], and the total number of errors −0.12 [−0.18, −0.07] on the IED task. When TCPy and 3-PBA were modeled together, the associations did not differ from single-metabolite models. We found no evidence of effect modification by blood lead level (BLL). Pesticide exposure may affect EF performance in urban children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrethroid and Chlorpyrifos Pesticide Exposure, General Intellectual Abilities, and Executive Functions of School Children from Montevideo, Uruguay

Rodríguez

Barg

Queirolo

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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“…Due to its increased sensitivity, this technique has higher statistical power to detect variance compared to the use of absolute concentration values ( Breen et al., 2015 ). The urine markers are expressed as FI value/creatinine ( Allen et al., 2004 ). Notably, serum concentrations of IFN-γ, GM-CSF and VEGF, and urine concentrations of IL-1β, MIP-1α, and IL-4 were minimally or undetectable and thus were not analysed and reported.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innate immunity impacts social-cognitive functioning in people with multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals: Implications for IL-1ra and urinary immune markers

Turner

Padgett

McDonald

et al. 2021

Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health

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Social-cognitive difficulties can negatively impact interpersonal communication, shared social experience, and meaningful relationships. This pilot investigation examined the relationship between social-cognitive functioning and inflammatory markers in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and demographically-matched healthy individuals. Additionally, we compared the immune marker profile in serum and urine-matched samples. Social cognitive functioning was objectively assessed using The Awareness of Social Inference Test – Short (TASIT-S) and subjectively assessed using self-reports of abilities in emotion recognition, emotional empathy, and cognitive theory of mind. In people with MS and healthy individuals, there were moderate-to-large negative relationships between pro-inflammatory biomarkers (serum IL-1β, IL-17, TNF-α, IP-10, MIP-1α, and urine IP-10, MIP-1β) of the innate immune system and social-cognitive functioning. In MS, a higher serum concentration of the anti-inflammatory marker IL-1ra was associated with better social-cognitive functioning (i.e., self-reported emotional empathy and TASIT-S sarcasm detection performance). However, there were mixed findings for anti-inflammatory serum markers IL-4 and IL-10. Overall, our findings indicate a relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokines and social-cognitive abilities. Future studies may provide greater insight into biologically-derived inflammatory processes, sickness behaviour, and their connection with social cognition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This tends to standardize results because adults excrete CR at a relatively constant daily rate expressed as mg/kg body mass. 12 The justification of CCRC is essentially based on three implicit assumptions: Individual and interindividual uCR-excretion rates were constant over time and vary only by UFR, while the influences of muscularity, age, ethnicity, exercise level, and diet (vegetarian vs. omnivorous) were negligible compared to variability in hydration. 3, 12 There was no confounding of CR and analyte by common causal factors nor direct causal relationships between the two.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 The justification of CCRC is essentially based on three implicit assumptions: Individual and interindividual uCR-excretion rates were constant over time and vary only by UFR, while the influences of muscularity, age, ethnicity, exercise level, and diet (vegetarian vs. omnivorous) were negligible compared to variability in hydration. 3, 12 There was no confounding of CR and analyte by common causal factors nor direct causal relationships between the two. 2, 13 The relative ratio between the mass of the analyte and the mass of uCR was preserved with variations in hydration and UFR. All three assumptions are inadequate and gave rise to criticism and even requirements for complete renunciation of CCRC or its substitution by multiple linear regression models (MLRM), including uCR as a covariate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variable Power Functional Dilution Adjustment of Spot Urine

Carmine¹

2023

Preprint

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Background Dilution adjustment of spot-urinary biomarkers by conventional creatinine correction (CCRC) remains controversial. Apart from unaccounted confounders like age, sex, muscle mass, or diet, the misperception of constant mass ratios between analyte and creatinine (uCR) over a wide hydration range entails deceptive creatinine correction errors (CRCE), foremost at both ends of the uCR-spectrum. Mitigating CRCE by restricting uCR-ranges to 0.3(0.4)-3 g/L generates high numbers of sample rejects and allows for misleading fluctuations within presumably tolerable uCR-ranges. Methods The CRCE for exemplary total weight Arsenic (TWuAs) was analyzed in a large set of n= 5,599 unselected spot urine samples. After confining data to 14 - 80 years, uncorrected arsenic (uAsUC) < 500 mcg/l, and uCR < 4.5g/L, the remaining 5,400 samples were partitioned, and a calculation method to standardize uAsUC to 1 g/L uCR developed based on uAsUC-stratified power functional regression analysis (PFRA). Findings The obtained standardizing method of variable power-functional creatinine correction (V-PFCRC) represents a progression of reportedly proven simple power-functional modifications of CCRC (S-PFCRC). In contrast to CCRC and S-PFCRC, standardization to 1g/L uCR by V-PFCRC yielded constant uAsN-values over the entire uCR-range in all sextiles. Residual bias was largely neutralized in all sextiles of uAsN (R2 9E-06 - 0.04), compared to uAsUC (R2 0.93 - 0.99) and CCRC (R2 0.42 - 0.89). The efficacy of CRCE compensation was confirmed by simple PFRA in both sexes and seven age bands. The strongest %CRCEs were found in samples at low concentrations of uCR (SBC -0.96) and/or uAsUC (SBC -0.11). Interpretation Standardization to 1g/L uCR by V-PFRA allows for more reliable dilution adjustment of spot urinary results than CCRC and S-PFCRC. As an easily adoptable, novel approach, the calculation method developed in this study can minimize residual dilution bias in urinary biomarkers adjusted by uCR, SG, and osmolality. While minimizing sample rejects, V-PFCRC will improve the reliability and comparability, particularly of lower concentrated urinary biomarkers in both conventional results and multiple linear regression models. Funding Self-funded.

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The Use of a Creatinine Correction for Reporting Children’s Urinary Pesticide Concentrations

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Pyrethroid and Chlorpyrifos Pesticide Exposure, General Intellectual Abilities, and Executive Functions of School Children from Montevideo, Uruguay

Pyrethroid and Chlorpyrifos Pesticide Exposure, General Intellectual Abilities, and Executive Functions of School Children from Montevideo, Uruguay

Innate immunity impacts social-cognitive functioning in people with multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals: Implications for IL-1ra and urinary immune markers

Variable Power Functional Dilution Adjustment of Spot Urine

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