The use and performance of BioSand filters in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti: a field study of 107 households

Duke, W. W.; Nordin, Richard; Baker, Derek

doi:10.22605/rrh570

Cited by 40 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…All filter sizes tested in this study were in conformance with the WHO guidelines for turbidity, as all effluents produced a mean turbidity of <0.6 NTU. The mean effluent turbidity of the concrete filters was 0.4 NTU, which is consistent with past reports that concrete filters (CAWST v9) routinely produced <1 NTU waters. ,, Past reports have attributed lower filtered water turbidity over time to (1) enhanced particle straining due to biolayer formation, (2) improved depth filtration by slowing the filtration rate, and/or (3) altered surface properties of the filtration media …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In addition, the size [0.3 m (width) × 0.3 m (depth) × 0.9 m (height)] and weight (250 lbs) of the concrete filter make it cumbersome and difficult to transport beyond the initial installation site. Evaluation of past implementation and follow-up activities determined that, while the filters were accepted and utilized, − workers who traveled away from the primary residence during harvest season did not have access to the BSF and thus remained at risk for contracting a waterborne illness during their most critical production time . This study tested the hypothesis that the CAWST v10 design could be incorporated into a smaller, lighter, and less expensive casing and still afford users an improved drinking water supply with respect to turbidity and Escherichia coli removal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Sand Bed Depth and Medium Age on Escherichia coli and Turbidity Removal in Biosand Filters

Napotnik

Baker

Jellison

2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The main objective of this study was to build several full-scale biosand filters (BSFs) and assess the long-term (9 month) efficacy for particulate and Escherichia coli removal under simulated real-world usage. Four replicates of three different filter designs were built: the traditional concrete BSF and two scaled-down versions that use a 5 or 2 gal bucket as the casing material. The smaller sand bed depths in the bucket-sized filters did not impact filter performance with respect to (i) turbidity and E. coli removal or (ii) effluent levels of turbidity and E. coli. All filters produced effluents with a mean turbidity of <0.6 nephelometric turbidity unit. In addition, 78, 74, and 72% of effluent samples for the concrete, 5 gal, and 2 gal filters, respectively, had E. coli concentrations of <1 colony-forming unit/100 mL. The bucket-sized filters were found to be a potential alternative to the concrete BSFs for the removal of E. coli and turbidity from drinking water. Because smaller BSFs must be filled more frequently than larger BSFs to produce comparable water volumes, the effect of shorter pause periods on BSF performance should be investigated.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Sand Bed Depth and Medium Age on Escherichia coli and Turbidity Removal in Biosand Filters

Napotnik

Baker

Jellison

2017

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…During the study, the plastic BSF demonstrated E. coli reduction similar to those seen both in the laboratory and in the field. 9,13,14 However, it is also possible that the reductions of E. coli reported here may not be representative of the true performance of the plastic BSF in the field. The relatively good influent water quality (<50 E. coli CFU/100 mL prior to intervention) impacted the ability to demonstrate large reductions in E. coli because of analytical lower detection limits for E. coli.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The primary limitations of the concrete BSF are a slow rate of daily production and a weight of several hundred pounds. The latter makes it difficult to transport the concrete BSF to many remote locations where it is needed. , Plastic BSFs may overcome these problems because the lightweight plastic-housings can be mass-produced and nested for bulk transport. Plastic BSFs have a few key design differences, however, most notably a smaller pore volume to charge volume ratio.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of the Plastic BioSand Water Filter in Cambodia

Stauber

Printy

McCarty

et al. 2011

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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About half of the rural population of Cambodia lacks access to improved water; an even higher percentage lacks access to latrines. More than 35,000 concrete BioSand Water filters (BSF) have been installed in the country. However, the concrete BSF takes time to produce and weighs hundreds of pounds. A plastic BSF has been developed but may not perform to the same benchmarks established by its predecessor. To evaluate plastic BSF performance and health impact, we performed a cluster randomized controlled trial in 13 communities including 189 households and 1147 participants in the Angk Snoul district of Kandal Province from May to December 2008. The results suggest that villages with plastic BSFs had significantly lower concentrations of E. coli in drinking water and lower diarrheal disease (incidence rate ratio 0.41, 95% confidence interval: 0.24-0.69) compared to control villages. As one of the first studies on the plastic BSF in Cambodia, these are important findings, especially in a setting where the concrete BSF has seen high rates of continued use years after installation. The study suggests the plastic BSF may play an important role in scaling up the distribution/implementation of the BSF, potentially improving water quality and health in the region.

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“…Four different processes have been proposed: mechanical trapping in the spaces between sand grains, predation by microorganisms in the biolayer, adsorption to sand grains, and natural death. − The most important operational parameter for pathogen removal is the pause period, that is, the time between runs. Tracer tests indicate that the flow through a BSF closely resembles plug flow and that the water that elutes first contains the lowest biological count .…”

Section: Description Of Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household Water Treatments in Developing Countries

Smieja

2011

J. Chem. Educ.

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b S Supporting Information ' DESCRIPTION OF METHODS An HWT can be classified as a thermal, photolytic, chemical, or filtration method. Current worldwide use is difficult to ascertain and complicated by a variety of factors. 8,13 Survey data collected by the World Health Organization (WHO) indicates 1.1 billion people in 67 low-and medium-income countries practice some type of HWT. Extrapolation of these data to all 165 low-and medium-income countries suggests that the total number of people worldwide practicing some type of HWT exceeds 1.5 billion.

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The use and performance of BioSand filters in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti: a field study of 107 households

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of Sand Bed Depth and Medium Age on Escherichia coli and Turbidity Removal in Biosand Filters

Effect of Sand Bed Depth and Medium Age on Escherichia coli and Turbidity Removal in Biosand Filters

Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial of the Plastic BioSand Water Filter in Cambodia

Household Water Treatments in Developing Countries

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