The Use and Abuse of Minority Rights: Assessing Past and Future EU Policies towards Accession Countries of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe

Johnson, Carter

doi:10.1163/157181106777069914

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…In the context of Western countries' retreat from multiculturalism, these middle countries are held to higher standards than Western countries set for themselves. As Johnson (2006) notes, Slovakia's education minister was baffled in the 1990s by international criticisms of an education policy that resembled that of Ireland and Spain, or Estonian citizens exasperated by international criticisms of their citizenship laws which they deem more liberal than that of Germany, to name just two examples. (p. 27) This double standard invited resistance and complaints among ECECs and rejection by some countries such as China and Russia.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Retreat Of Multiculturalism In the West And The Relevancmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But the experiences of ECECs provide another, if less dramatic, example of the relevance of global position and international norm diffusion. The field of Europeanization or European integration has thoroughly documented the impact of EU or Western European countries on ECECs’ ethnic minority policies (Johnson, 2006; Kymlicka, 2002, 2007). For ECECs wishing to join the EU, one of the requirements has been to “demonstrate the stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and respect for and protection of minorities.” 31 One of the reasons behind this criterion was “a belief in the West that the ability of post-communist countries to manage their ethnic diversity was a test of their overall political maturity, and hence of their readiness to ‘re-join Europe’” (Kymlicka, 2007, p. 174).…”

Section: The Retreat Of Multiculturalism In the West And The Relevance Of Global Positionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ECECs were forced to adopt Western standards and norms to acquire European Union (EU) membership (Schimmelfenning & Sedelmeier, 2005). But this imposition of the Western model on ECECs has proven to be counterproductive and heavily resisted (Johns, 2003;Johnson, 2006;Kymlicka, 2007). On the contrary, Korea is willing to accept multiculturalism without any direct pressure from IOs.…”

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confidence: 99%

“… 31. European Council, “Conclusions of the Presidency, Copenhagen,” June 21-22, 1993. (Johnson, 2006). …”

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confidence: 99%

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The Retreat of Multiculturalism? Explaining the South Korean Exception

Kim

2015

American Behavioral Scientist

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In the past 8 years, South Korea (hereafter Korea) has experienced a multicultural explosion-a growing emphasis on multiculturalism in both popular and political discourse. After demonstrating how multiculturalism has been framed as a means, indicator, and object of individual and national development, this article focuses on the improvement of global rank as one reason for the shift in Korea. In the course of diffusing the discourse and policies of multiculturalism, international intergovernmental organizations frame cultural diversity, and tolerance as a matter of development: Cultural diversity is necessary for individual and national development, and the more developed a society is, the more tolerant its people are. Korea's self-perception as a nation in the middle of the global economic and symbolic hierarchy encourages multiculturalism as a way to move toward the core. The Korean case then suggests a possible reason for the retreat of multiculturalism in Western Europe. In Western European countries, the failure of multiculturalism is blamed on (illiberal) immigrant minorities rather than on majority groups, so that retreating from multiculturalism does not threaten perceptions of liberality, democracy, or core status. In Korea, in contrast, achieving multicultural tolerance is construed as a task that nonimmigrant majority Koreans must achieve in order for the nation to gain the status of a truly developed country.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Retreat Of Multiculturalism In the West And The Relevancmentioning

confidence: 99%