The US Department of Energy – investing in clean transport

Chalk, Steven G.; Milliken, J.; Miller, James F.; Venkateswaran, S.R.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(97)02767-5

Cited by 29 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…A proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a prospective alternative power source for short-term space missions because of the following characteristics: high-energy conversion efficiency, zero emission, low temperature, and regenerative operation [1][2][3]. In space engineering, PEMFCs with polystyrene membranes were first applied to the GEMINI spacecraft in the 1960s [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of two-phase flow in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell in short-term microgravity condition

Guo

Zhao

et al. 2014

Applied Energy

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h i g h l i g h t sTwo-phase flow in PEMFC cathode channels is observed in different gravity environments. The PEMFC shows different operating behavior in normal and microgravity conditions. Water tends can be removed in microgravity conditions at high water production regime. Liquid aggregation occurs in microgravity conditions at low water production regime. Effect of gravity on performance and two-phase flow at two operating regimes is studied. a r t i c l e i n f o t r a c tWater management is important for improving the performance and stability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for space applications. An in situ visual observation was conducted on the gasliquid two-phase flow in the cathode channels of a PEMFC in short-term microgravity condition. The microgravity environment was supplied by a drop tower. A single serpentine flow channel with a depth of 2 mm and a width of 2 mm was applied as the cathode flow field. A membrane electrode assembly comprising of a Nafion 112 membrane sandwiched between gas diffusion layers was used. The anode and cathode were loaded with 1 mg cm À2 platinum. The PEMFC shows a distinct operating behavior in microgravity because of the effect of gravity on the two-phase flow. At a high water production regime, cell performance is enhanced by 4.6% and the accumulated liquid water in the flow channel tends can be removed in microgravity conditions to alleviate flooding. At a low water production regime, cell performance deteriorates by 6.6% and liquid aggregation occurs in the flow channel because of the coalescence of dispersed water droplets in microgravity conditions, thus squeezing the flow channel. The operating behavior of PEMFC in microgravity conditions is different from that in normal gravity conditions. Further studies are needed on PEMFC operating characteristics and liquid management for space applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of two-phase flow in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell in short-term microgravity condition

Guo

Zhao

et al. 2014

Applied Energy

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“…It is eco-friendly and produces no air pollutants, green house gases when used in the fuel cells. It can be produced using diverse domestic resources including fossil fuels such as natural gas, liquid hydrocarbons and coal, nuclear, biomass and other renewable energy technologies, such as solar, wind and hydro-electric power [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Presently, steam reforming of hydrocarbons, especially of methane is the largest and generally the most economical way to make hydrogen and has been reported by many researchers [1,16,17,21]. However, little has been reported on ATR of liquid hydrocarbon fuels [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Reforming of Liquid Hydrocarbons

Moon

2010

Catal Surv Asia

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In this review, we are reporting the catalytic reforming of liquid hydrocarbon fuels carried out in our research group, covering the catalytic reforming of isooctane and toluene as surrogate of gasoline, gasoline fuel processor system and steam reforming of n-hexadecane and decahydronaphthalene, main constituents of diesel. The commercial ICI reforming catalyst is prone to be poisoned by sulfur contained in iso-octane. We investigated various supported transition metal formulations and developed Ni/ Fe/MgO/Al 2 O 3 (KIST-5) catalyst with prolonged catalytic stability ([760 h), higher activity and sulfur tolerance ability over commercial ICI and HT catalysts for ATR reaction of iso-octane. We found that the concentration of CO can be reduced to \1,800 ppm by the gasoline fuel processor system charged with KIST-5 reforming catalyst, commercial HTS catalyst and KIST Pt-Ni/CeO 2 LTS catalyst. The addition of Rh metal to spc-Ni/MgAl catalyst as promoter was found to be very effective in inhibiting the deactivation of spc-Ni/MgAl catalyst by sintering of reduced Ni metal at high temperature during steam reforming of n-hexadecane. A 0.3 wt% Rh loading on spcNi/MgAl catalyst was optimized to have the best performance for steam reforming of n-hexadecane among the prepared catalysts. The addition of Rh to spc-Ni/MgAl catalyst also restricted the deactivation of the catalyst due to carbon formation at high reaction temperature. In view point of prolonged stability and higher activity, these developed reforming catalysts have a good scope in the reforming process of gasoline and diesel for hydrogen station and fuel processor system applications.

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“…This cost arises from the amount of platinum (Pt) that is used in the anode to accelerate the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and in the cathode to improve the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, the kinetics at the cathode side, which are approximately six times slower than the kinetics at the anode side, induces high voltage losses through systems and, as a result, system performance is diminished [12][13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%