The urinary shedding of porcine teschovirus in endemic field situations

Development and Large-Scale Testing of a Novel One-Step Triplex RT-qPCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of “Neurotropic” Porcine Sapeloviruses, Teschoviruses (Picornaviridae) and Type 3 Porcine Astroviruses (Astroviridae) in Various Samples including Nasal Swabs

“…The Cq values of nasal samples are consistently higher (>28.11 of PSV, >28.27 of PTV and >31.67 of PoAstV-3) compared to the values measured in enteric samples (>18.55 of PSV, >18.39 of PTV and >24.41 of PoAstV-3). Similarly, considerably higher Cq values of PoAstV-3 and PTV were reported in nasal swabs than those measured in faeces [ 14 , 16 ]. To our knowledge, similar RT-qPCR-based comparative analyses of PSV shedding in nasal sand enteric samples have not been done before.…”

“…Although disseminated infections of PTVs, PSVs and PoAstV-3s with various manifested symptoms have also been demonstrated before [ 2 , 3 , 5 , 13 , 36 ], triple-infections have not been reported yet. All three enteric viruses were previously reported to be present in nasal samples to various extents [ 5 , 10 , 14 , 16 ], therefore, to gather additional data about the nasal presence of these viruses, multiple nasal swab samples were collected from approximately 3-week-old asymptomatic swine from 28 different farms in Hungary and a large-scale epidemiological investigation was conducted using our sensitive RT-qPCR assays.…”

“…Interestingly, from the five known porcine astrovirus types, only type 3 was conclusively detected from CNS samples of swine with signs of meningoencephalomyelitis and, therefore, could have neurotropic potential [ 12 ]. Besides the CNS and other internal organs, these three viruses have already been detected in respiratory/nasal samples as well with relatively low copy numbers [ 5 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], but large-scale epidemiological studies of these viruses in nasal swabs have not been performed previously.…”

Teschovirus

“…Intranasal infection is also highly suggested (Chiu et al 2013(Chiu et al , 2014 as PTVs detected in the cranial cerebrum, including the olfactory bulb. Urinary shedding of infectious PTV virion also proved as a potent transmission in the endemic field situation and slurry (faeces mixed with urine) makes the survival and transmission easier (Tsai et al 2016). Till date, no zoonotic transmissions have been reported.…”

Characterization of strain PTV-2 USA/IA65463/2014 and strain PTV-11 USA/IA09592/2013 of Teschovirus A: Experimental inoculation, distribution of nucleic acids and development of Teschovirus encephalomyelitis

“…Teschovirus A has been successfully introduced into the genital tract of sows by artificial insemination via contaminated semen [74]. The presence of viral particles in urine has been documented and it can be as high as one thousand viral copies per microliter of urine [75]. [59,[76][77][78].…”