The urban–rural divide, regional disaggregation and the convergence of crime

Cook, Steven; Winfield, Tom

doi:10.1080/00036846.2015.1042143

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…In my baseline specification, I include state and year fixed effects, denoted by α s and δ t , respectively, in order to capture time‐invariant, state‐specific unobservable characteristics and national time trends. I also include region‐by‐year effects, θ rt, to capture annual, region‐specific shocks that may affect criminal behavior (e.g., weather or pollution shocks) as well as to control for the convergence in crime rates across the United States (Cook & Winfield, 2013, 2015). In addition to the fixed effects, I include vectors of state‐specific demographic and economic covariates indicated by X st .…”

Section: Emperical Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Access to Healthcare and Criminal Behavior: Evidence from the ACA Medicaid Expansions

Vogler¹

2020

J Policy Anal Manage

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I investigate the causal relationship between access to healthcare and crime following state decisions to expand Medicaid coverage after the Affordable Care Act. I combine state-level crime data from the Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports for the years 2009 through 2018 with variation in insurance eligibility generated by the Medicaid expansion. Using a difference-indifferences design, my findings indicate that states that expanded Medicaid have experienced a 5.3 percent reduction in annual reported violent crime rates relative to nonexpansion states. This effect is explained by decreases in aggravated assaults and corresponds to 17 fewer incidents per 100,000 people. The estimated decrease in reported crime amounts to an annual cost savings of approximately $4 billion.

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Section: Emperical Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Access to Healthcare and Criminal Behavior: Evidence from the ACA Medicaid Expansions

Vogler¹

2020

J Policy Anal Manage

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“…A literature review shows that previous studies support the population convergence of violent and property crime rates in the USA using beta and sigma convergence tests Watson, 2013, Cook andWinfield, 2015;Baharom et al, 2008). This empirical evidence is consistent with the population convergence of the violent crime rate, while it contradicts the population divergence of the property crime rate observed in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Club convergence of crime rates in the United States of America

Ogundari¹

2021

JCRPP

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Purpose The cyclical behavior of US crime rates reflects the dynamics of crime in the country. This paper aims to investigate the US's club convergence of crime rates to provide insights into whether the crime rates increased or decreased over time. The paper also analyzes the factors influencing the probability of states converging to a particular convergence club of crime. Design/methodology/approach The analysis is based on balanced panel data from all 50 states and the district of Columbia on violent and property crime rates covering 1976–2019. This yields a cross-state panel of 2,244 observations with 55 time periods and 51 groups. In addition, the author used a club clustering procedure to investigate the convergence hypothesis in the study. Findings The empirical results support population convergence of violent crime rates. However, the evidence that supports population convergence of property crime rates in the study is not found. Further analysis using the club clustering procedure shows that property crime rates converge into three clubs. The existence of club convergence in property crime rates means that the variation in the property crime rates tends to narrow among the states within each of the clubs identified in the study. Analysis based on an ordered probit model identifies economic, geographic and human capital factors that significantly drive the state's convergence club membership. Practical implications The central policy insight from these results is that crime rates grow slowly over time, as evident by the convergence of violent crime and club convergence of property crime in the study. Moreover, the existence of club convergence of property crime is an indication that policies to mitigate property crime might need to target states within each club. This includes the efforts to use state rather than national crime-fighting policies. Social implications As crimes are committed at the local level, this study's primary limitation is the lack of community-level data on crime and other factors considered. Analysis based on community-level data might provide a better representation of crime dynamics. However, the author hopes to consider this as less aggregated data are available to use in future research. Originality/value The paper provides new insights into the convergence of crime rates using the club convergence procedure in the USA. This is considered an improvement to the methods used in the previous studies.

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“…For example, Cook and Winfield (2013) use the classical convergence approach to analyse crime at the state level in the USA over the period from 1960 to 2009. Moreover the same authors in 2015 extended their study considering counties and states (Cook & Winfield (2015)). In addition, Valdivia and Castro (2013) using a spatial panel regression, tested beta convergence of homicide rates across Mexican municipalities and presented different patterns of convergence depending on the gender of the victims.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This result is in line with the literature in terms of the effects of spatial scale on crime rates. For example, Cook and Winfield (2015) report strong signs of beta convergence for both states and counties in the US. However, from 2000 to 2010 (the latest available data in their study), they reported sigma convergence for states while divergence for counties.…”

Section: Sigma and Beta Convergencementioning

confidence: 99%

Regional convergence, spatial scale, and spatial dependence: Evidence from homicides and personal injuries in Colombia 2010–2018

Santos‐Marquez

Méndez

2021

Regional Science Policy & Practice

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This paper studies regional convergence and spatial dependence of homicides and personal injuries in Colombia. In particular, through the lens of both classical and distributional convergence frameworks, two spatial scales are contrasted: municipalities and states. For both homicides and personal injuries, sigma convergence is only found at the state level. In contrast, beta convergence is found at both state and municipal level. The distributional convergence framework highlights further contrasting patterns. For homicides at the state level, four convergence clusters are found, while two clusters are present at the municipal level. For personal injuries, at both spatial scales, two clusters are found. Moreover, significant and robust spatial autocorrelation is found only at the municipal level. Overall, these results re-emphasize the role of spatial disaggregation as well as spatial dependence when evaluating regional convergence and designing regional development policies. Lastly, a discussion of the previous results and their relation to current and future policies is also included.

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The urban–rural divide, regional disaggregation and the convergence of crime

Cited by 9 publications

References 77 publications

Access to Healthcare and Criminal Behavior: Evidence from the ACA Medicaid Expansions

Access to Healthcare and Criminal Behavior: Evidence from the ACA Medicaid Expansions

Club convergence of crime rates in the United States of America

Regional convergence, spatial scale, and spatial dependence: Evidence from homicides and personal injuries in Colombia 2010–2018

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