The uptake and release of [3H]glycine in the goldfish retina.

Chin, C.A.; Lam, Dominic M. K.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1980.sp013467

Cited by 49 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Neurons using other amino acids such as GABA or glycine as neurotransmitters usually possess a high-affinity system for the uptake of the transmitter but not for the uptake of its precursor (7,9,10,(27)(28)(29)(30)(31). In this regard, it is of interest to compare our findings on mammalian cones with those for a known GABA neuron, the type H1 horizontal cell of the goldfish retina.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

L-glutamic acid: a neurotransmitter candidate for cone photoreceptors in human and rat retinas.

Brandon¹,

Lam²

1983

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We have conibined immunocytochemical localization of L-aspartate aminotransferase (L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1; glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase) with autoradiographic localization of high-affinity uptake sites for L-glutamate or L-aspartate to identify the neurotransmitters of mammalian photoreceptors. In both human and rat retinas, high aspartate aminotransferase immunoreactivity is found in cones but not in rods; certain putative bipolar and amacrine cells are also heavily stained. In the human retina, and perhaps also in the rat retina, cones possess a high-affinity uptake mechanism for L-glutamate but not L-aspartate, whereas rods and Miller (glial) cells take up both L-glutamate and L-aspartate. Taken together, our results indicate that (i) L-glutamate is much more likely than L-aspartate to be the transmitter for human cones, and possibly for cones of other mammalian species as well, and (ii) major differences exist between mammalian cones and rods in the transport and metabolism or utilization of L-aspartate and L-glutamate. Certain photoreceptors possess high-affinity uptake mechanisms for glutamate, aspartate, or both (7,9,10). In the goldfish retina, rods are much more effective in taking up L-glutamate than L-aspartate, whereas red-and green-sensitive cones show similar affinity for aspartate and glutamate (9). In contrast, human cones are much more effective in accumulating Lglutamate than L-aspartate, whereas human rods appear to take up aspartate and glutamate equally well (7, 10). These results show that, unlike acidic amino acid transport systems described in the brain (16-18), certain photoreceptors have uptake systems that clearly distinguish between L-aspartate and L-glutamate.More recently, an immunohistochemical approach has been used to localize putative glutamate/aspartate neurons. Altschuler et aL (19) proposed that the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AATase; L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.1; also called glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase)

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

L-glutamic acid: a neurotransmitter candidate for cone photoreceptors in human and rat retinas.

Brandon¹,

Lam²

1983

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The incubation experiments indicate that the uptake is not mediated by a transporter for choline, sarcosine or the intermediary metabolites, and the high-affinity glycine transporters GLYT1 and GLYT2 have already been excluded. The glycine does not appear to be taken up by ubiquitous low-affinity glycine transporters, which should be blocked by excess alanine, proline or serine (Chin and Lam, 1980). It might appear that rabbit cholinergic amacrine cells express a low-affinity glycine transporter that is not found in other types of retinal neurons or in the cholinergic amacrine cells of other vertebrates.…”

Section: Glycine Accumulation By Cholinergic Amacrine Cellsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…3 H-glycine-uptake experiments on the retina indicated that 90% of the low-affinity uptake can be inhibited by 5 mM alanine, proline or serine (Chin and Lam, 1980;Kong et al, 1980;Marc, 1984). However, none of these amino acids had any significant effect on the sarcosine-induced accumulation of glycine by the cholinergic cells (Fig.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Sarcosine-induced Glycine Accumulationmentioning

confidence: 96%

The dendritic architecture of the cholinergic plexus in the rabbit retina: Selective labeling by glycine accumulation in the presence of sarcosine

Vaney

Pow

2000

J. Comp. Neurol.

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“…The isolated cell preparation allowed us to characterize the response of the cells to putative retinal neurotransmitters without the complications of interpretation arising from the wealth of synaptic connexions, and the existence of neurotransmitter uptake mechanisms in the intact retina. The neurotransmitters tested were glutamate, aspartate, cadaverine, putrescine and N-acetylhistidine, which are known to be released from photoreceptors on depolarization and have been suggested as candidates for the photoreceptor transmitter (Cervetto & MacNichol, 1972; Murakami,126 BIPOLAR CELL SYNAPTIC CURRENTS Ohtsu & Ohtsuka, 1972;Shiells, Falk & Naghshineh, 1981;, 1983a, 1985Miller & Schwartz, 1983), and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine, which are thought to mediate inhibitory input to bipolar cells from horizontal, amacrine and interplexiform cells (Hollyfield, Rayborn, Sarthy & Lam, 1979;Chiu & Lam, 1980;Rayborn, Sarthy, Lam & Hollyfield, 1981;Miller, Frumkes, Slaughter & Dacheux, 1981;Wu, 1986). Use of the retinal slice preparation allowed a comparison of the properties of isolated cells with those of cells in the retina.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotransmitter‐induced currents in retinal bipolar cells of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum.

Attwell

Mobbs

Tessier‐Lavigne

et al. 1987

The Journal of Physiology

116

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SUMMARY1. Whole-cell patch clamping was used to study the membrane properties of isolated bipolar cells and the currents evoked in them by putative retinal neurotransmitters.2. Isolated bipolar cells show an approximately ohmic response to voltage steps over most of the physiological response range, with an average input resistance of 1-3 GfS and resting potential of -35 mV. These values are underestimates because of the shunting effect of the seal between the patch electrode and the cell membrane. Depolarization beyond -30 mV produces rapid activation (10-100 ms) ofan outward current (carried largely by potassium ions), which then inactivates slowly (05-2 s).3. Of five candidates for the photoreceptor transmitter, four (aspartate, Nacetylhistidine, cadaverine, putrescine) had no effect on bipolar cells. The fifth substance, L-glutamate, opened ionic channels with a mean reversal potential of -12 mV in some cells (presumed hyperpolarizing bipolar cells), and closed channels with a mean reversal potential, of -13 mV in other cells (presumed depolarizing bipolar cells); 4. The conductance increase induced by glutamate in presumed hyperpolarizing bipolar cells was associated with an increase in membrane current noise. Noise analysis suggested a single-channel conductance for the glutamate-gated channel of 5.4 pS. The power spectrum of the noise increase required the sum of two Lorentzian curves to fit it, suggesting that the channel can exist in three states.5. The conductance decrease induced by glutamate in presumed depolarizing bipolar cells was associated with a decrease in membrane current noise that could be described as the sum of two Lorentzian spectra, and which suggested a singlechannel conductance of 11 pS. The noise decrease implies that the channels closed by glutamate are not all open in the absence of the transmitter.6. GABA (y-aminobutyric acid) and glycine, transmitters believed to mediate lateral inhibition in the retina, open chloride channels in isolated bipolar cells, and increase the membrane current noise. Noise analysis suggested that the channels gated by GABA and glycine have conductances of 4-4 and 7-5 pS respectively. The noise spectra required the sum of two Lorentzian curves to fit them.t To whom all reprint requests should be sent.

show abstract

The uptake and release of [3H]glycine in the goldfish retina.

Cited by 49 publications

References 30 publications

L-glutamic acid: a neurotransmitter candidate for cone photoreceptors in human and rat retinas.

L-glutamic acid: a neurotransmitter candidate for cone photoreceptors in human and rat retinas.

The dendritic architecture of the cholinergic plexus in the rabbit retina: Selective labeling by glycine accumulation in the presence of sarcosine

Neurotransmitter‐induced currents in retinal bipolar cells of the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum.

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