The uplifting behavior of shallow tunnels within the liquefiable soils under cyclic loadings

Novel adaptive time stepping method and its application to soil seismic liquefaction analysis

“…Subway stations, manholes, and underground utilities always suffer from this problem during earthquakes. Many studies have focused on the uplift behavior of underground facilities [46,47]. In this example, a 2D subway station is simulated using fixed and adaptive stepping methods.…”

Three-Dimensional Analysis of Underground Tunnels in Liquefiable Soil Subject to Earthquake Loading

“…Comparatively fewer investigations can be found concerning the uplift or settlement of large underground structures such as subway and highway tunnels due to soil liquefactions. The investigations by Khoshnoudian Shahrour [12], Yang et al [13], Taylor et al [14], Liu and Song [15,16], Azadi andMir Mohammad Hosseini [17,18], and Chou et al [19] are the ones that worth mentioning. From these studies, the uplift of underground structures was found to consist of four mechanisms: ratcheting of underground structure, pore water migration, bottom heave due to shearing of soft non-liquefiable soil below underground structures, and flow deformation of liquefied soil, as summarized in Chou et al [19].…”

A Study on the Dynamic Behavior of a Vertical Tunnel Shaft Embedded in Liquefiable Ground during Earthquakes

“…Liu et al [9] performed shaking table model tests to investigate the mechanism and effect of seismic loading on a horseshoe-scaled tunnel model at a ground fissure site. Schmidt and Hashash [10], Chou et al [11], Adalier et al [12], Chang et al [13], Azadi and Hosseini [14], Bao et al [15], Lee et al [16], Miranda et al [17], and Sugito et al [18] analyzed the dynamic behavior of tunnels embedded in liquefiable soil using model tests or numerical analyses. However, these studies mainly focused on the uplifting of the tunnel under liquefaction, damage to the tunnel body, and tunnel-building interaction problems.…”