The unnatural history of the fly agaric

Crundwell, E.

doi:10.1016/s0269-915x(87)80122-2

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…[1][2][3][4] Hallucinogenic compounds contained in fungi of Psilocybe and Amanita genera have been used as recreational drugs of abuse since the beginning of the 1960s, XX century. 5,6 Although hallucinogens are thought to be safe because of relatively low physiologic toxicity and dependence potential 7,8 nowadays the context of hallucinogenic compounds consumption, mainly by young people seeking for unusual experiences, is usually negative 5,6,9 but not exclusively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Hallucinogens Psilocin, Ibotenic Acid, and Muscimol

Stebelska

2013

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

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Psychoactive drugs of fungal origin, psilocin, ibotenic acid, and muscimol among them have been proposed for recreational use and popularized since the 1960s, XX century. Despite their well-documented neurotoxicity, they reached reputation of being safe and nonaddictive. Scientific efforts to find any medical application for these hallucinogens in psychiatry, psychotherapy, and even for religious rituals support are highly controversial. Even if they show any healing potential, their usage in psychotherapy is in some cases inadequate and may additionally harm seriously suffering patients. Hallucinogens are thought to reduce cognitive functions. However, in case of indolealkylamines, such as psilocin, some recent findings suggest their ability to improve perception and mental skills, what would motivate the consumption of "magic mushrooms." The present article offers an opportunity to find out what are the main symptoms of intoxication with mushrooms containing psilocybin/psilocin, muscimol, and ibotenic acid. The progress in analytical methods for detection of them in fungal material, food, and body fluids is reviewed. Findings on the mechanisms of their biologic activity are summarized. Additionally, therapeutic potential of these fungal psychoactive compounds and health risk associated with their abuse are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungal Hallucinogens Psilocin, Ibotenic Acid, and Muscimol

Stebelska

2013

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

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“…8 A. muscaria is hallucinogenic and has long been used by humans for spiritual and recreational purposes. 3 According to the Toxicology Reports and Poison Case Registry of the North American Mycological Association (NAMA), A. muscaria and its relative A. pantherina are the mushrooms most commonly ingested by animals, particularly dogs (https://www.namyco.org/toxicology_reports.php). This might be because dogs are attracted to the reportedly fishy odor of these mushrooms.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…8 A. muscaria is hallucinogenic and has long been used by humans for spiritual and recreational purposes. 3…”

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confidence: 99%

Fatal Amanita muscaria poisoning in a dog confirmed by PCR identification of mushrooms

et al. 2019

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Diagnosing mushroom poisoning in dogs can be difficult and often includes identification of suspect mushrooms. Visual identification may be hindered by mastication, oral medications, or poor quality of environmental mushroom samples. Other analytical techniques may thus be necessary to aid in mushroom identification. A 5-y-old neutered male Labrador Retriever dog developed acute onset of vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, seizures, and somnolence. The dog was treated at a veterinary clinic and was briefly stabilized, but died during transport to an emergency clinic. On postmortem examination at the University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, the dog's stomach was full of mushrooms covered with activated charcoal. Mushrooms were damaged, fragmented, and discolored, precluding accurate visual identification. Mushroom pieces were sent to the Department of Plant Pathology at the University of California-Davis for PCR identification; the neurotoxic mushroom Amanita muscaria was identified. A qualitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed to detect ibotenic acid and muscimol, the toxic compounds present in A. muscaria. Mushrooms, stomach contents, and urine were analyzed by LC-MS; ibotenic acid and muscimol were detected in all samples. Because identification of ingested mushrooms is sometimes necessary to confirm mushroom poisoning, PCR can identify ingested mushrooms when visual identification is unreliable.

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“…Psychoactive plants or fungi accompanied religious rituals in many ancient civilizations worldwide [1][2][3][4]. Hallucinogenic compounds contained in fungi of Psilocybe and Amanita genera have been used as recreational drugs of abuse since the beginning of the 1960s [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%