The United States Tariff and Industrial Protection in the Late Nineteenth Century

Hawke, G. R.

doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1975.tb01785.x

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Data limitations preclude consideration of different time periods in the late nineteenth century. The correlation between the nominal tariff and the effective tariff is similar to that reported in Hawke (1975).…”

supporting

confidence: 83%

Did Late-Nineteenth-Century U.S. Tariffs Promote Infant Industries? Evidence from the Tinplate Industry

Irwin¹

2000

J. Eco. History

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Did late-nineteenth-century U.S. tariffs promote infant industries? After earlier failures, the tinplate industry became established and flourished after receiving protection with the 1890 McKinley tariff. Treating producers' entry and exit decisions as endogenous, a probability model is estimated to determine the conditions under which domestic tinplate production will occur. Counterfactual simulations indicate that, without the McKinley duties, domestic tinplate production would have arisen about a decade later as U.S. iron and steel input prices converged with those in Britain. Although the traiff accelerated the industry's development, welfare calculations suggest that protection does not pass a cost-benefit test.

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supporting

confidence: 83%

Did Late-Nineteenth-Century U.S. Tariffs Promote Infant Industries? Evidence from the Tinplate Industry

Irwin¹

2000

J. Eco. History

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“…The most commonly used alternative is the "effective" tariff rate [such as those computed in Hayford and Pasurka (1991) and Archibald et al (2000)], which takes account of tariff rates on inputs. However, existing studies such as Hawke (1975) suggest that American effective tariff rates were highly correlated with average tariff rates during the historical period we are considering. If this is so, then the additional and Trade (GATT).…”

Section: The Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…First, tariff rates for both rest of the world and the Pacific Rim were significantly higher for finished manufactures than semi-manufactures across all years. Hence, the positive relationship between the level of protection and the stage of manufacturing as described by Hawke (1975) for the years 1899 and 1904 persisted through World War II.…”

Section: The Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

U.S. trade policy and the Pacific Rim, from Fordney–McCumber to the Trade Expansion Act of 1962: a political–economic analysis

Ye¹

2010

Research in Economic History

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From 1922 to 1962, United States trade policies changed dramatically, marked in the beginning by the heightening of protectionism and then the mobilization toward trade liberalization. The effect of these policies on the Pacific Rim, however, has been little studied. This paper investigates the extent to which U.S. trade policies during this period impacted the Pacific Rim economies differently from the rest of the world. Empirical analysis demonstrates that U.S. trade with the Pacific Rim had consistently higher tariff barriers than U.S. trade with the rest of the world. This paper then analyzes the reasons behind this phenomenon from both a political economy and a historical perspective. On both fronts, the Pacific Rim was at a disadvantage, and its higher barrier to trade with the U.S. was by no means historically accidental. I would like to thank Professor Gavin Wright for his enormous help on this project.

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“…For example, the duty on unmanufactured wool was about 33 percent, while the duty on manufactured wool products was about 67 percent. According to Hawke's (1975) calculations, the effective rate of protection given to domestic wool manufacturers was 229 percent in 1889. Indeed, his study confirms that, for most U.S. industries during this period, the escalation of the tariff with the level of processing led to much higher effective rates of protection than indicated by the nominal rate of protection.…”

Section: Assessing the Degree Of Trade Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tariff Incidence in America's Gilded Age

Irwin

2007

J. Econ. Hist.

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In the late nineteenth century, the United States imposed high tariffs to protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition. This paper examines the magnitude of protection given to import-competing producers and the costs imposed on export-oriented producers by focusing on changes in the domestic prices of traded goods relative to non-traded goods. Because the tariffs tended to increase the prices of non-traded goods, the degree of protection was much less than indicated by nominal rates of protection; the results here suggest that the 30 percent average tariff on imports yielded about a 17 percent implicit subsidy to import-competing producers while effectively taxing exporters at a rate of about 10 percent. The paper also finds that tariff policy redistributed large amounts of income (about 8 percent of GDP) across groups, although the impact on consumers was only slightly negative because they devoted a sizeable share of their expenditures to exportable goods. These findings may explain why import-competing producers pressed for even greater protection in the face of already high tariffs and why consumers (as voters) did not strongly oppose the policy.

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The United States Tariff and Industrial Protection in the Late Nineteenth Century

Cited by 11 publications

References 2 publications

Did Late-Nineteenth-Century U.S. Tariffs Promote Infant Industries? Evidence from the Tinplate Industry

Did Late-Nineteenth-Century U.S. Tariffs Promote Infant Industries? Evidence from the Tinplate Industry

U.S. trade policy and the Pacific Rim, from Fordney–McCumber to the Trade Expansion Act of 1962: a political–economic analysis

Tariff Incidence in America's Gilded Age

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