The uniqueness of the lossless feed network for a multibeam array

Kahn, W.K.; Kurss, H.

doi:10.1109/tap.1962.1137823

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In that case, the number of input and output ports must be identical. It was even further demonstrated that imposing the same amplitude distribution to all the beams as well as an arithmetic phase progression (to produce optimal field combination in a given angular direction) leads to a unique matrix solution with necessarily uniform amplitude distribution [18]. Let us now investigate the difference in behavior between the transmitting and receiving modes of such networks and extend the property observed comparing the tee junction and the Wilkinson power divider.…”

Section: Generalization To Multiple Beammentioning

confidence: 95%

Discussion on Reciprocity, Unitary Matrix, and Lossless Multiple Beam Forming Networks

Fonseca

2015

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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The Lorentz reciprocity theorem enables us to establish that the transmitting and receiving patterns of any antenna are identical, provided some hypotheses on this antenna and the surrounding medium are satisfied. But reciprocity does not mean that the antenna behaves the same in the transmitting and the receiving modes. In this paper, array antennas fed by multiple beam forming networks are discussed, highlighting the possibility to have different values of internal losses in the beam forming network depending on the operation mode. In particular, a mathematical condition is derived for the specific case of a multiple beam forming network with lossless transmitting mode and lossy receiving mode, such a behavior being fully consistent with the reciprocity theorem. A theoretical discussion is provided, starting from a simple 2-element array to a generalM×Nmultiple beam forming network. A more practical example is then given, discussing a specific4×8Nolen matrix design and comparing theoretical aspects with simulation results.

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Section: Generalization To Multiple Beammentioning

confidence: 95%

Discussion on Reciprocity, Unitary Matrix, and Lossless Multiple Beam Forming Networks

Fonseca

2015

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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“…Inputs and outputs are matched and isolated, and the network is theoretically lossless [14]. There is no beam spacing loss due to the nature of orthogonal beams [20], [36]. This phase defined array configuration leads to frequencydependent beam directions.…”

Section: The Butler Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

2021

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To support the ever-increasing demand on connectivity and datarates, multiple beam antennas are identified as a critical technology for the fifth generation (5G), the sixth generation (6G) and more generally beyond 5G (B5G) wireless communication links in both terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). To reduce the cost and power consumption, there is a marked industrial interest in adopting analogue multiple beam antenna array technology. A key sub-system in many of such antenna arrays is the circuit type multiple beamforming network (BFN). This has led to a significantly renewed interest in and new technological developments of Butler matrices, Blass matrices, and Nolen matrices as well as hybrid structures, mostly at millimeter-wave frequencies. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no comprehensive analysis and comparison of circuit type multiple BFNs have been properly reported with focus on 5 G and 6 G applications to date. In this paper, the principle of operation, design, and implementation of different circuit type multiple BFNs are discussed and compared. The suitability of these sub-systems for 5 G and B5G antenna arrays is reviewed. Major technology and research challenges are highlighted. It is expected that this review paper will facilitate further innovation and developments in this important field.INDEX TERMS Fifth generation (5G), sixth generation (6G), beyond 5G (B5G), multiple beam antenna arrays, circuit type beamforming networks (BFNs), Blass matrix, Butler matrix, Nolen matrix, terrestrial network (TN), non-terrestrial network (NTN).This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination. GUO ET AL.: CIRCUIT TYPE MULTIPLE BEAMFORMING NETWORKS FOR ANTENNA ARRAYS FIGURE 1. General Layout of a multibeam cellular antenna using 1D circuit type BFNs.

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“…First, assuming that there are not electronically adjustable phase shifts components on the external circuitry, the Butler matrix is the only static microwave network that will not degrade the performance of a ULA in rich scattered environments. This will be further explained in Section IV-A3 using [7] and [8]. Secondly, because the Butler matrix is a unique lossless reciprocal microwave network with which the full array gain of a ULA can realized in each beam [7], [8], the proposed linear MEA is a multidirective-beam MEA with which similar beamforming gains can be achieved in any direction of the azimuth plane.…”

Section: A Proposed Optimal Linear Mea For Selection Combiningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This will be further explained in Section IV-A3 using [7] and [8]. Secondly, because the Butler matrix is a unique lossless reciprocal microwave network with which the full array gain of a ULA can realized in each beam [7], [8], the proposed linear MEA is a multidirective-beam MEA with which similar beamforming gains can be achieved in any direction of the azimuth plane. For the seek of clarifying, through this paper, we will also refer to a ULA as a multiomnidirectional-beam MEA.…”

Section: A Proposed Optimal Linear Mea For Selection Combiningmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Optimization of Linear Multielement Antennas for Selection Combining by Means of a Butler Matrix in Different MIMO Environments

Grau

Romeu

Blanch

et al. 2006

IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat.

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Abstract-An optimized linear multielement antenna (MEA) is presented for selection combining schemes that improves the selection diversity gain and selection diversity capacity in medium and low multipath environments, with respect to the performance achieved with a simple uniform linear array (ULA) using omnidirectional antennas, while it performs equally as well as a ULA in highly scattered environments. An analytical investigation based on the analysis of the correlation coefficients, together with simulations and extensive measurements, have been carried out for different fading multiple-input multiple-output environments ranging from line of sight (LOS) to non-LOS. Two MEAs are compared: a simple ULA with omnidirectional antennas and a MEA combining a ULA and a Butler matrix. The measurement results show that the nature of the proposed MEA is such that it is adaptive to any propagation scenario by simultaneously taking advantage of beamforming gain and signal diversity gain.

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The uniqueness of the lossless feed network for a multibeam array

Cited by 14 publications

References 2 publications

Discussion on Reciprocity, Unitary Matrix, and Lossless Multiple Beam Forming Networks

Discussion on Reciprocity, Unitary Matrix, and Lossless Multiple Beam Forming Networks

Circuit Type Multiple Beamforming Networks for Antenna Arrays in 5G and 6G Terrestrial and Non-Terrestrial Networks

Optimization of Linear Multielement Antennas for Selection Combining by Means of a Butler Matrix in Different MIMO Environments

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