The unhealthy lifestyle of people with schizophrenia

Abstract

People with schizophrenia have an unhealthy lifestyle, which probably contributes to the excess mortality of the disease. They are therefore an appropriate target group for health promotion interventions.

Selection, Use and Psychometric Properties of Physical Activity Measures to Assess Individuals with Severe Mental Illness: A Narrative Synthesis

“…16 studies used as part or in full an OBM to capture physical activity Berle, Hauge, Oedegaard, Holsten, & Fasmer, 2010;Farrow, Hunter, Wilikinson, Green, & Spence, 2005;Gothelf et al, 2002;Hauge, Berle, Oedegaard, Holsten, & Fasmer, 2011;Janney et al, 2008;Jerome et al, 2009;McCormick et al, 2009;McCormick et al, 2008;McKibbin et al, 2006;Scheewe, 2008;Scheewe et al, 2011;Sharpe et al, 2006a;Wichniak et al, 2011;Yamamoto et al, 2011. 19 studies utilised SRQs Archie et al, 2007Arbour, Faulkner, & Cohn, 2010;Brown, Birtwistle, Roe, & Thompson, 1999, Brown, Goetz, Van Sciver, Sullivan, & Hamera, 2006Dubbert et al, 2006;Ellingrod et al, 2011;Elmslie, Mann, Silverstone, Williams, & Romans, 2001;Faulkner et al, 2006;Lassenigus, kerlind, Wiklund-Gustin, Arman, & Söderlund, 2013;Lindamer et al, 2008;McLeod, Jaques, & Deane, 2009;Osborn, Nazareth, & King, 2007;Ratliff et al, 2012;Ussher, 2003;Ussher, Doshi, Sampuran, & West, 2011;Van Citters et al, 2010;Vancampfort, Probst, Knapen, Carraro, & De Hert, 2012. Excluded studies (with reason) 55 did not use an outcome measure that provided an assessment of the three fundamental domains of physical activity Acil, Dogan, & Dogan, 2008;Adams, 1995;Aquila, 2000;Archie,...…”

Food Intake and Reward Mechanisms in Patients with Schizophrenia: Implications for Metabolic Disturbances and Treatment with Second-Generation Antipsychotic Agents

“…The basic mechanisms behind these metabolic irregularities have not been fully elucidated, but it appears that antipsychotic medications could play an important role (Newcomer, 2005). Moreover, high rates of obesity and type II diabetes mellitus, observed in drug-naive/free patients (Mukherjee et al, 1996;Allison et al, 1999a;Thakore et al, 2002;Ryan et al, 2003Ryan et al, , 2004 before Kohen, 2004) and after the advent of antipsychotics and in nonschizophrenic blood relatives (Dynes, 1969;Mukherjee et al, 1989;Cheta et al, 1990;Martins et al, 2001;Lamberti et al, 2004), were potentially attributed to genetic factors (Stone et al, 2004), illness neurobiology (Thakore, 2005) and to unhealthy lifestyle (Brown et al, 1999). The interpretability of the preneuroleptic era data (reviewed in Kohen, 2004) is, however, limited by flaws in epidemiological methodology including lack of evaluation of and adjustments for adiposity, lifestyle, and anthropometric measures together with inconsistent diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia and glucose/insulin abnormalities Newcomer, 2005).…”

“…A rather scarce (relatively to the scope of the problem) literature on schizophrenic eating habits describes exag-gerated preference for unhealthy predominately fast foodtype (Peet, 2004a, c;Strassnig et al, 2005) palatable nutrition, poor in fiber (Brown et al, 1999;McCreadie et al, 1998), in fruits and in vegetables (McCreadie et al, 1998(McCreadie et al, , 2005McCreadie, 2003), but excessive in saturated fat (Brown et al, 1999;Strassnig et al, 2003aStrassnig et al, , 2005Ryan et al, 2003Ryan et al, , 2004, in carbohydrates (Strassnig et al, 2003b), and in high glycemic index (Foster-Powell et al, 2002) foodstuffs such as cereal (McCreadie, 2003). These patterns may be further worsened by treatment with SGAs such as clozapine, olanzapine, and to lesser degree quetiapine and risperidone, but not ziprasidone or aripiprazole (Allison et al, 1999b;American Diabetes Association, 2004;Kane et al, 2004;Newcomer 2005).…”

“…Environmental factors play an obvious role as patients are frequently uninformed about dietary issues (Meyer, 2002) and are unable to access/afford healthy food choices (Holt et al, 2004). They also tend to exercise less (Brown et al, 1999;Strassnig et al, 2005), and therefore even slight excess in caloric intake could result in the accumulation of fat.In this article, we propose a complementary view that in addition to lifestyle-related factors and similar to its comorbidity with substance use disorders (SUDs; Chambers et al, 2001), schizophrenia and unhealthy food preferences may be potentially explained by recursive partly shared neural systems. Direct evidence for such a neuropathological link is missing.…”

Antipsychotic drugs and diabetes—an application of the Austin Bradford Hill criteria

“…This increased prevalence results from hereditary and environmental factors, such as less healthy lifestyles. Much of the increased risk can be ascribed to traditional diabetic risk factors such as family history, physical inactivity and poor diet, while there is evidence that SMI itself also increases the risk of diabetes [5][6][7][8]. Any data concerning the link between antipsychotics and diabetes must therefore give due consideration to other potentially confounding factors [2].…”