The unfolding COVID-19 pandemic: A probability-based, nationally representative study of mental health in the United States

Holman, E. Alison; Thompson, Rebecca R.; Garfin, Dana Rose; Silver, Roxane Cohen

doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd5390

Cited by 231 publications

(242 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…An impressive amount of research has already been published on the mental health effects of COVID-19, although most studies focused on the general population, healthcare workers and infected people. These reports consistently show increased depression, anxiety and insomnia in these populations ( Hao et al, 2020 ; Holman et al, 2020 ; McCracken et al, 2020 ; Muller et al, 2020 ; Vindegaard and Benros, 2020 ). Pre-existing mental health problems showed to be a significant risk factor for presenting with these symptoms in some of these studies ( Hao et al, 2020 ; Holman et al, 2020 ; McCracken et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

The effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and measures in patients with a pre-existing psychiatric diagnosis: A cross-sectional study

Vissink

Hell

Galenkamp

et al. 2021

Journal of Affective Disorders Reports

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

The effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and measures in patients with a pre-existing psychiatric diagnosis: A cross-sectional study

Vissink

Hell

Galenkamp

et al. 2021

Journal of Affective Disorders Reports

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“…Meyer et al showed that increased screen time was associated with a higher intensity of depression symptoms, but not with the level of anxiety [109]. Holman et al observed that there was a significant association between acute stress and depressive symptoms, and daily COVID-19-related media exposure and the conflicting information regarding COVID-19 in the media among respondents in the USA [110]. Increased anxiety measured with GAD-7 in persons demonstrating excessive media usage was confirmed in the UK population [111].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Duplaga

Grysztar

2021

Healthcare

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Increased anxiety related to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in society and specific professional groups has been reported by many authors. Most have applied tools enabling assessing the general traits of anxiety. Tools specifically designed for an assessment of anxiety or fear related to COVID-19 have also been developed. However, no study has assessed the future anxiety in relation to the pandemic. This concept was defined by Zaleski in the end of the 20th century as the state of apprehension, fear, worry, and concern regarding unfavourable changes in the more remote personal future. The aim of this study was an analysis to establish the level and the determinants of future anxiety in Polish society related to the COVID-19 pandemic three months after the introduction of the state of epidemic. The analysis reported in the paper is based on the data obtained through a web-based survey carried out on a representative sample of 1002 Polish adults aged 18–74 years. The hierarchical linear regression model was developed for the analysis of the determinants of future anxiety from the responses to a questionnaire consisting of five items. The independent variables selected for inclusion in the model, apart from sociodemographic characteristics, encompassed health literacy (HL) and ehealth literacy (eHL), perceived health threat related to COVID-19 (PHTC19), and a COVID-19-related conspiracy belief score (CCBS) derived from three items asking about the most popular conspiracy theories. The regression model developed in the final step showed that the future anxiety scale score (FASS) was significantly associated with gender, vocational status, HL, PHTC19, and CCBS. The FASS was lower among men than women (regression coefficient (B) (standard error, SE) = −1.28 (0.39), p = 0.001), among entrepreneurs or farmers rather than among employees of the public or private sector (B(SE) = −1.55, p = 0.010), in persons with a higher HL (B(SE) = −0.43 (0.06), p < 0.001). A higher FASS was observed in respondents with higher rather than lower PHTC19 (B(SE) = 1.49 (0.17), p < 0.001) and in those with a higher CCBS (B(SE) = 0.33 (0.07), p < 0.001). The model accounted for 15.2% of the variance of the FASS. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic is not only a cause of increased mental symptoms, but also of increased future anxiety. Health-related measures are significantly associated with the FASS.

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“…The U.S. has since emerged as one of the most highly impacted countries, with the greatest number of total COVID-19 infections and deaths by April 2020 (McNeil Jr., 2020 ). Three studies using probability based nationally representative samples provide initial evidence that symptoms and rates of depression and anxiety have increased in the U.S. during the pandemic (Ettman et al, 2020 ; Holman, Thompson, Garfin, & Silver, 2020 ; Twenge & Joiner, 2020 ). However, all three studies compared rates between cohorts assessed before v. during COVID-19 or earlier v. later periods of the pandemic, so change could not be assessed at the within -person level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increases in depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

et al. 2021

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Background The coronavirus [coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] pandemic has introduced extraordinary life changes and stress, particularly in adolescents and young adults. Initial reports suggest that depression and anxiety are elevated during COVID-19, but no prior study has explored changes at the within-person level. The current study explored changes in depression and anxiety symptoms from before the pandemic to soon after it first peaked in Spring 2020 in a sample of adolescents and young adults (N = 451) living in Long Island, New York, an early epicenter of COVID-19 in the U.S. Methods Depression (Children's Depression Inventory) and anxiety symptoms (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Symptoms) were assessed between December 2014 and July 2019, and, along with COVID-19 experiences, symptoms were re-assessed between March 27th and May 15th, 2020. Results Across participants and independent of age, there were increased generalized anxiety and social anxiety symptoms. In females, there were also increased depression and panic/somatic symptoms. Multivariable linear regression indicated that greater COVID-19 school concerns were uniquely associated with increased depression symptoms. Greater COVID-19 home confinement concerns were uniquely associated with increased generalized anxiety symptoms, and decreased social anxiety symptoms, respectively. Conclusions Adolescents and young adults at an early epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. experienced increased depression and anxiety symptoms, particularly amongst females. School and home confinement concerns related to the pandemic were independently associated with changes in symptoms. Overall, this report suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic is having multifarious adverse effects on the mental health of youth.

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The unfolding COVID-19 pandemic: A probability-based, nationally representative study of mental health in the United States

Cited by 231 publications

References 42 publications

The effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and measures in patients with a pre-existing psychiatric diagnosis: A cross-sectional study

The effects of the COVID-19 outbreak and measures in patients with a pre-existing psychiatric diagnosis: A cross-sectional study

The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

Increases in depression and anxiety symptoms in adolescents and young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

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