The Unequal Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Labour Market and Income Inequality in China: A Multisectoral CGE Model Analysis Coupled with a Micro-Simulation Approach

Zhang, Qi; Zhang, Xinxin; Cui, Qi; Cao, Weining; He, Ling Ling; Zhou, Yexin; Li, Xiaofan; Fan, Yunpeng

doi:10.3390/ijerph19031320

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…People visited levels 2, 3, and 4 rather than low levels ( l ≤ 6). Our findings show that the COVID-19 pandemic worsened the inequality across urban areas, in line with previous studies on income levels (Belot et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ) and costs of shutdown (Hevia et al, 2022 ). We explain the worsening inequality by decomposing individual recreational gathering behaviors in the next section.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

COVID-19 confines recreational gatherings in Seoul to familiar, less crowded, and neighboring urban areas

Yoon

Jung

Kim

2022

Humanit Soc Sci Commun

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Recreational gatherings are sources of the spread of infectious diseases. Understanding the dynamics of recreational gatherings is essential to building effective public health policies but challenging as the interaction between people and recreational places is complex. Recreational activities are concentrated in a set of urban areas and establish a recreational hierarchy. In this hierarchy, higher-level regions attract more people than lower-level regions for recreational purposes. Here, using customers’ motel booking records which are highly associated with recreational activities in Korea, we identify that recreational hierarchy, geographical distance, and attachment to a location are crucial factors of recreational gatherings in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Our analyses show that after the COVID-19 outbreak, people are more likely to visit familiar recreational places, avoid the highest level of the recreational hierarchy, and travel close distances. Interestingly, the recreational visitations were reduced not only in the highest but also in low-level regions. Urban areas at low levels of the recreational hierarchy were more severely affected by COVID-19 than urban areas at high and middle levels of the recreational hierarchy.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

COVID-19 confines recreational gatherings in Seoul to familiar, less crowded, and neighboring urban areas

Yoon

Jung

Kim

2022

Humanit Soc Sci Commun

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“…A contributing factor may be income constraints in recent years. Zhang et al [ 60 ] estimated that the COVID-19 pandemic would reduce household per capita income by 8.75% for rural residents and 6.13% for urban residents. The relaxation of the birth policy also decreases the expenditure available for each child in the family.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence from a Choice Experiment in Consumer Preference towards Infant Milk Formula (IMF) in the Context of Dairy Revitalization and COVID-19 Pandemic

Zhang

Waldron

Dong

2022

Foods

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China is the largest global consumer of infant milk formula (IMF). Chinese consumer preferences towards IMF have evolved over time but have also been rocked in recent years by COVID-19 with major implications for the IMF industry, globally and within China. This study is the first to document parents’ preferences toward IMF since the outbreak. We used novel methods to do so, through an online choice experiment of 804 participants that included risk perceptions and socio-demographic variables. Our study finds that Chinese parents continue to prioritize quality and safety attributes of IMF represented by functional ingredients, organic labelling and traceability information. Notably, it also finds greatly increased confidence in Chinese domestically produced IMF and an underlying preference away from expensive products. This implies that the era of ‘go for foreign’ and ‘go for the most expensive’ in IMF purchasing may be coming to an end. The shift in sentiment is driven by the longer-term revitalization of the Chinese dairy industry, accelerated by COVID-19. Understanding these trends will be of major benefit to both Chinese producers and non-Chinese exporters of IMF.

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“…Inequality of perceived mental health seems to be increased during the peak periods of the COVID-19 pandemic [24]. On the contrary, the relative socioeconomic inequality did not increase [24] or became larger [25] during the COVID-19 pandemic era. Moreover, the magnitude of the impact of socioeconomic instability during the COVID-19 pandemic on perceived mental health varies with comorbid physical disease [26], demographics of age (> 45 years old [27] or < 26 years old [26]) and sex (women) [27], in addition to the socioeconomic position [27,28] of lower household income [25,27,[29][30][31], lower educational attainment [27,29,30], losing a job or becoming partially-employed [26,30], housing disruptions [26] or renting housing [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Stronger association of perceived health with socio-economic inequality during COVID-19 pandemic than pre-pandemic era

et al. 2022

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Objective:The COVID-19 pandemic has changed peoples' routine of daily living and posed major risks to global health and economy. Few studies have examined differential impacts of economic factors on health during pandemic compared to pre-pandemic. We aimed to compare the strength of associations between perceived health and socioeconomic position (household income, educational attainment, and employment) estimated before and during the pandemic.Methods: Two waves of nationwide survey [on 2018(T1;n = 1200) and 2021(T2;n = 1000)] were done for 2200 community adults. A balanced distribution of confounders (demographics and socioeconomic position) were achieved across the T2 and T1 by use of the inverse probability of treatment weighting. Distributions of perceived health [= (excellent or very good)/(bad, fair, or good)] for physical-mental-social-spiritual subdomains were compared between T1 and T2. Odds of bad/fair/good health for demographics and socioeconomic position were obtained by univariate logistic regression. Adjusted odds (aOR) of bad/fair/good health in lower household income(< 3000 U.S. dollars/ month) were retrieved using the multiple hierarchical logistic regression models of T1 and T2.Results: Perceived health of excellent/very good at T2 was higher than T1 for physical(T1 = 36.05%, T2 = 39.13%; P = 0.04), but were lower for mental(T1 = 38.71%, T2 = 35.17%; P = 0.01) and social(T1 = 42.48%, T2 = 35.17%; P < 0.001) subdomains. Odds of bad/fair/good health were significantly increased at T2 than T1 for household income (physical-mental-social; all Ps < 0.001) and educational attainment (social; P = 0.04) but not for employment (all Ps > 0.05). AORs of bad/fair/good health in lower household income were stronger in T2 than T1, for mental [aOR (95% CI) = 2. 15(1.68-2.77) in T2, 1.33(1.06-1.68) in T1; aOR difference = 0.82(P < 0.001)], physical [aOR (95% CI) = 2.64(2. 05-3.41) in T2, 1.50(1.18-1.90) in T1; aOR difference = 1.14(P < 0.001)] and social [aOR (95% CI) = 2.15(1.68-2.77) in T2, 1.33(1.06-1.68) in T1; aOR difference = 0.35(P = 0.049)] subdomains.Conclusions: Risks of perceived health worsening for mental and social subdomains in people with lower monthly household income or lower educational attainment became stronger during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to

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The Unequal Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Labour Market and Income Inequality in China: A Multisectoral CGE Model Analysis Coupled with a Micro-Simulation Approach

Cited by 17 publications

References 58 publications

COVID-19 confines recreational gatherings in Seoul to familiar, less crowded, and neighboring urban areas

COVID-19 confines recreational gatherings in Seoul to familiar, less crowded, and neighboring urban areas

Evidence from a Choice Experiment in Consumer Preference towards Infant Milk Formula (IMF) in the Context of Dairy Revitalization and COVID-19 Pandemic

Stronger association of perceived health with socio-economic inequality during COVID-19 pandemic than pre-pandemic era

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