The Understanding of the Plant Iron Deficiency Responses in Strategy I Plants and the Role of Ethylene in This Process by Omic Approaches

Abstract

Iron (Fe) is an essential plant micronutrient but is toxic in excess. Fe deficiency chlorosis is a major constraint for plant growth and causes severe losses of crop yields and quality. Under Fe deficiency conditions, plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to keep cellular Fe homeostasis via various physiological, morphological, metabolic, and gene expression changes to facilitate the availability of Fe. Ethylene has been found to be involved in the Fe deficiency responses of plants through pharmacological studies or by the use of ethylene mutants. However, how ethylene is involved in the regulations of Fe starvation responses remains not fully understood. Over the past decade, omics approaches, mainly focusing on the RNA and protein levels, have been used extensively to investigate global gene expression changes under Fe-limiting conditions, and thousands of genes have been found to be regulated by Fe status. Similarly, proteome profiles have uncovered several hallmark processes that help plants adapt to Fe shortage. To find out how ethylene participates in the Fe deficiency response and explore putatively novel regulators for further investigation, this review emphasizes the integration of those genes and proteins, derived from omics approaches, regulated both by Fe deficiency, and ethylene into a systemic network by gene co-expression analysis.

A Shoot Fe Signaling Pathway Requiring the OPT3 Transporter Controls GSNO Reductase and Ethylene in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots

“…Among them are auxin, ethylene, salicylic acid, nitric oxide (NO), sucrose, and glutathione (GSH). All of them increase in Fe-deficient roots although their precise roles and interactions are not totally known ( Zaharieva and Abadía, 2003 ; Zaharieva et al, 2004 ; Lucena et al, 2006 , 2015 ; Graziano and Lamattina, 2007 ; Waters et al, 2007 ; Bacaicoa et al, 2009 , 2011 ; Chen et al, 2010 ; García et al, 2010 , 2011 ; Lingam et al, 2011 ; Meiser et al, 2011 ; Romera et al, 2011 , 2017 ; Koen et al, 2012 ; Yang et al, 2014 ; Shanmugam et al, 2015 ; Lin et al, 2016 ; Shen et al, 2016 ; Li and Lan, 2017 ; Kailasam et al, 2018 ). There are also some hormones, such as cytokinins and jasmonates, that have been involved in the suppression of Fe deficiency responses ( Séguéla et al, 2008 ; Maurer et al, 2011 ).…”

Influence of exogenously applied nitric oxide on strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) plants grown under iron deficiency and/or saline stress

“…Iron is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth, which plays a crucial role in various cellular and physiological processes in plants (Grotz and Guerinot , Rabhi et al ). It is also known to be part of some important enzymes and proteins involved in basic biochemical processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, chlorophyll biosynthesis and oxygen transport (Buchanan et al , Graziano and Lamattina , Li and Lan ). ID causes reduction in photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll but increases the levels of carotenoids thereby causing yellowing of leaves and chlorosis (Abadía et al ).…”

Nutrient stress-induced chromatin changes in plants

“…Nutrient availability, like other environmental cues, is perceived and transmitted by a multitude of signalling pathways, ultimately enabling plants to better cope with dynamic and challenging environments. In recent years, numerous studies ranging from phenotypic to molecular analyses have greatly improved our understanding of the complex regulatory networks involved in these mechanisms [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Among these, sophisticated dynamic changes in chromatin structure have been observed in response to numerous environmental conditions, often associated with concomitant changes in gene expression (reviewed in Refs.…”