The uncertain geographic context problem (UGCoP) in measuring people’s exposure to green space using the integrated 3S approach

Confounding associations between green space and outdoor artificial light at night: Systematic investigations and implications for urban health

“…Note that the spatial resolutions of green space inventory and nightscape are different. However, our previous methodological studies have confirmed that these data effectively derive causally relevant exposures to model people's health outcomes [ 25 , 35 ].…”

“…Original images were orthorectified and georeferenced to the UTM Zone 49 N coordinate system with reference to the WGS84 ellipsoid. After rigorous radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction, a binary classification method was employed to identify green and non-green spaces [ 25 ]. The classification used the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and thresholding to separate green and non-green space on the pixel level.…”

“…The slight temporal mismatch will not significantly affect our exposure measure. Please refer to our recent publication for more details of our green space data [ 25 ].…”

“…A stronger emphasis on the socio-demographic disparities of the population within each unit encourages individual-level research, where the attributes are collected from individuals, and the socio-demographic attributes are employed to more precisely estimate the effect size of the impact on a health outcome [ 22 ]. Regarding individual-level research, the residence-based paradigm derives the environmental settings at people's home locations as their long-term and primary exposure [ 23 , 24 ], while the mobility-oriented paradigm further incorporates the complete activity spaces (both within and outside home locations) to mitigate the contextual errors in exposure measures [ 25 ]. Different research paradigms retain different assumptions of exposure measures and are suitable for different research questions.…”

“…For example, population-level paradigms will be adequate for the decision-making of allocating public resources to promote social equity and environmental justice [ 19 ], especially for large spatial scopes on the state or country level. When evaluating environmental factors' health impact, it is necessary to discuss the association at the individual level and incorporate fine-grained individual-level socio-demographic attributes and behavioral characteristics [ 25 ].…”