The Unbearable Failure of Decentralisation in Turkey

Abstract

Due to the country’s then drive towards European Union membership, a comprehensive administrative reform agenda had emerged in Turkey during early 2000s. But a brusque reversal of decentralisation reforms followed the 2010 constitutional referendum. The democratic reform agenda adopted in the 2000s has been overturned to lead to an increasingly authoritarian and centralised power. This recentralisation movement had a direct impact on local governance, triggering a decline of local autonomy accompanied by the dismissal of elected mayors and city council members in some Kurdish-populated cities. The fast decay of democratic accountability was accompanied by clientelism and corruption. Indeed, modifications to the system of local administration in the direction of recentralisation stem from the determination to strengthen the central state. Embracing an extremely nationalist discourse, on the one hand, the state put the screws to HDP-ruled municipalities and disqualified mayors-elect in major Kurdish-populated cities. On the other hand, the provision of public welfare as ‘charitable patronage’, redistribution of public resources, and access to public jobs, health services and public housing constituted the major assets of dependency networks created between the AKP and its electors. Taking into account the crucial role played by municipalities in the constitution of these networks, control over municipalities became imperative for the central state. Nevertheless, even in a marginalised local democracy, mayors still have some tools at their disposal and should put them into service to reinforce and expand democratic rights.

Playbook of Subnational Illiberalism: Autocrats face the Opposition-led Local Governments

“…When intermediary bodies are involved in distribution of such funds, their composition rules tend to be changed to increase the control of the central government. For instance, in Turkey right after local elections in March 2019, in which opposition won local seats, changes were made to law to increase President's power over İlbank (previously Bank of Provinces), the institution that directs intergovernmental transfers to subnational governments and provides loans, as well as the Directorate of Strategy and Budget in relation to its authority of providing financial aid to the municipalities (Elicin 2020). Soon, in September 2019, when a loan was needed for finalizing the metro line construction, state banks refused to deal with the Istanbul opposition mayor (Öktem 2021).…”

Peculiarities of Ukrainians’ Approval of Decentralization Reform

“…The crucial problem is that recognizing participative procedural standards and more flexible legislative processes significantly influences social welfare. Elicin (2020) declared that decentralization was a significant failure in Turkey. In the early 2000s, a comprehensive administrative reform took place in that country.…”