The ultrastructure of wax deposits on plant leaf surfaces

Hall, D. M.; Donaldson, Lloyd

doi:10.1016/s0022-5320(63)80006-4

Cited by 46 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Numerous modifications for improving the preparation of heavy metal shadowed carbon replicas from plant tissue surfaces for examination in the transmission electron microscope have been described (e.g., 1,5,10,11,13,38) since the introduction of this approach by JUNIPER and BRADLEY in 1958 (17). In addition, we are aware of two laboratories that have described the successful preparation of platinum shadowed replicas at room temperature (1,2,28,37).…”

Section: The Direct Platinum Shadowed Replica Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of epicuticular waxes on spikes and leaf sheaths of barley as revealed by a direct platinum replica technique

Simpson

Wettstein-Knowles

1980

Carlsberg Res. Commun.

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A direct platinum replica technique is described for studying cuticle surfaces with few or no projecting wax structures. It is furthermore demonstrated that the structure of some small plate waxes can be elucidated using negative staining.Three types of epicuticular waxes are present on barley cuticular surfaces: (i) long, thin tubes and 13-diketone lipids characterize that on the glumes, lemmas and uppermost leaf sheaths; (ii) highly lobed plates, large amounts of primary alcohols (predominantly C26) and an absence of ~-diketone lipids characterize that on the leaf blades and lower leaf sheaths; and (iii) thin plates, frequently horizontal to the surface, major amounts of hydrocarbons and esters and an absence of ~,-diketone lipids characterize that on the awns. When mutations cause the absence or a major reduction of the dominating lipids in one of the first two types of waxes, the wax deposits resemble the third type.The mutation cer-s 31 restricts the presence of wax tubes to patches on the lemmas, paleas and glumes giving them a grainy appearance. While the effect is greatest on the lemmas of the median floret rows, the reduction of the l~-diketone lipids is similar on both median and lateral spikelets. In the double mutant hex-v 3 cer-s 3~ the lateral florets become fertile, but the differential effect of cer-s 31 on the median and lateral rows is retained.Abbreviations: C/Au/Pd replica = gold-palladium pre-shadowed carbon replica; GLC = gas liquid chromatography; Pt/C replica = direct platinum shadowed replica; TLC = thin layer chromatography.

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Section: The Direct Platinum Shadowed Replica Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of epicuticular waxes on spikes and leaf sheaths of barley as revealed by a direct platinum replica technique

Simpson

Wettstein-Knowles

1980

Carlsberg Res. Commun.

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“…Two representative samples were taken from each surface to be examined. Surfaces were prepared for electron microscopy following methods described by Hall and Donaldson (1963). Carbon was applied under vacuum to surfaces preshadowed with gold-palladium, and the composite specimen was backed with 2% collodion and allowed to dry.…”

Section: (E) Electron Microscopy Of Surface Waxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The variation in wax between plant surfaces can be due to plant species (Juniper and Bradley 1958;Juniper 1959;Hall et al 1965), variety (Daly 1964;Hall et al 1965), position on the plant (Juniper 1959;Hall and Donaldson 1963), and environment (Reipma 1956;Hull 1958;Juniper 1960;Daly 1964). It is also known that wax influences plant reaction to chemicals (Crafts and Foy 1958) and physiological processes (Hall and Jones 1961), and it has been suggested that wax may increase resistance to disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracuticular Wax and Contact Angle Measurements on Wheat (Triticum Vulgare L.)

Troughton¹,

Hall²

1967

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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SummaryExtracuticular wax and contact angles on wheat were studied because of their influence on the retention of chemical sprays and on disease resistance. Wax formed extensive deposits on wheat, irrespective of variety, stage of growth, or part of the plant, and these deposits overlaid or projected from the cuticle as platelets and rodlets. Platelets covered the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of seedlings and some mature plants, while a net of rodlets covered the ear, culm, sheath, and flag leaf abaxial surface. Rods were occasionally present on the abaxial surface of mature vegetative leaves. Wax influenced the advancing contact angle of water droplets on wheat. Contact angles were all high, i.e. greater than 130° and generally about 150°. The contact angle on the adaxial leaf surface was higher than on the abaxial leaf surface, except on glasshouse-grown reproductive plants, where there was no difference between the two sides. Seedlings had higher contact angles than mature plants, but there was no trend in contact angle with tissue age within a leaf or within a mature plant. The contact angle on the flag leaf of glasshouse-grown reproductive Aotea plants was 24° higher than on a similar plant grown in the field.

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“…Hall & Donaldson (1962) reported pores in Brassica oleracea, Trifolium repens and Poa colensoi leaves using carbon replicas. Hall (1967) presented further evidence for pores from carbon replicas for several species including cauliflower {B. oleracea var. botrytis).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Alternatively, a complex system of anastomosing pores whose paths cross many times may be hidden within the grain distribution observed. An orderly pattern of silver grains that might suggest pores running perpendicular to the leaf surface through the cuticle (Hall, 1967;Eisher & Bayer, 1972) was not observed. Hailam (1982) has suggested the presence of a protein carrier to move the diffusing wax across the cell memhrane of the epidermis.…”

Section: Discrssionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Mechanisms of deposition of epicuticular wax in leaves of broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.

et al. 1994

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Sl'MMARYBroccoli {Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.) leaf waxes were labelled with [2-^*C]acet3te and examined during synthesis and deposition using niicroautoradiography. Waxes were viewed with light microscopy and scanning electron micTOScopy (SEM), including cryo-SEM. ln microautoradiography, silver grains resulting from radioactive decay of labelled waxes seemed to be distributed randomly throughout the cuticle. This random distribution supports the hypothesis of diffusion or complex anastomosing pores as the mechanism of epicuticular wax deposition. The hypothesis of wax-depositing pores running perpendicular to the leaf surface is not supported.

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The ultrastructure of wax deposits on plant leaf surfaces

Cited by 46 publications

References 25 publications

Structure of epicuticular waxes on spikes and leaf sheaths of barley as revealed by a direct platinum replica technique

Structure of epicuticular waxes on spikes and leaf sheaths of barley as revealed by a direct platinum replica technique

Extracuticular Wax and Contact Angle Measurements on Wheat (Triticum Vulgare L.)

Mechanisms of deposition of epicuticular wax in leaves of broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.

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