“…Although in many papers, the origin of the wall has not been clearly observed and stated (Lom and Nilsen, 2003). Canning et al (1985) studied Cystosporogenes operophterae and found that spores were produced in groups within a Wne, semi-persistent envelope but were unable to determine whether the envelope was a SV or a PV of host origin. In the case of Endoreticulatus Wdelis, the vacuole was bound by two membranes and, by virtue of the ribosome studding on the outer of the two membranes, the vacuole was identiWed as being of host origin, derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (Brooks et al, 1988).…”