The ultrastructure of the trophoblastic layer of the degu (Octodon degus) Placenta: a Re-evaluation of the ‘Channel Problem’

Kertschanska, S.; Schröder, H.; Kaufmann, Peter

doi:10.1016/s0143-4004(97)90096-5

Cited by 31 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…By TEM analysis, Kertschanska et al (1997) demonstrated that the placental channels that begin from the basal trophoblastic plasmalemma and terminate on the maternal surface range from 15-25 nm in diameter under normal intravascular pressure [ 92 ]. Therefore, this pore size would allow the NPs of size under 25 nm to cross the PB by passive diffusion.…”

Section: The Possible Ways For Nps Across the Pbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticles and female reproductive system: how do nanoparticles affect oogenesis and embryonic development

Hou

Zhu

2017

Oncotarget

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Along with the increasing application of nanoparticles (NPs) in many walks of life, environmental exposure to NPs has raised considerable health concerns. When NPs enter a pregnant woman’s body through inhalation, venous injection, ingestion or skin permeation, maternal toxic stress reactions such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, apoptosis and endocrine dyscrasia are induced in different organs, particularly in the reproductive organs. Recent studies have shown that NPs disturb the developing oocyte by invading the protective barrier of theca cells, granulosa cell layers and zona pellucida. NPs disrupt sex hormone levels through the hypothalamic–pituitary-gonadal axis or by direct stimulation of secretory cells, such as granule cells, follicle cells, thecal cells and the corpus luteum. Some NPs can cross the placenta into the fetus by passive diffusion or endocytosis, which can trigger fetal inflammation, apoptosis, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, low weight, reproductive deficiency, nervous damage, and immunodeficiency, among others. The toxicity of these NPs depend on their size, dosage, shape, charge, material and surface-coating. We summarize new findings on the toxic effect of various NPs on the ovary and on oogenesis and embryonic development. Meanwhile, we highlight the problems that need to be studied in the future. This manuscript will also provide valuable guidelines for protecting the female reproductive system from the toxicity of NPs and provide a certain reference value for NP application in the area of ovarian diseases.

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Section: The Possible Ways For Nps Across the Pbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticles and female reproductive system: how do nanoparticles affect oogenesis and embryonic development

Hou

Zhu

2017

Oncotarget

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“…In the guinea-pig placenta, which is haemeomonochorial and syncytial like the human, with a similar permeability to the inert hydrophilic solutes, tubules or bag-like structures in the syncytiotrophoblast can be visualized under the electron microscope but only if the placentas are fixed following imposition of a significant hydrostatic pressure (Kaufmann et al 1982). Similar structures may also be visualized in the placenta of the degu (Kertschanska et al 1997). However, it has not been possible to demonstrate whether these structures really are channels which span the width of Figure 2.…”

Section: The Syncytiotrophoblast As a Transporting Epitheliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding placental nutrient transfer – why bother? New biomarkers of fetal growth

Sibley

2009

The Journal of Physiology

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The placenta, in general and the physiology of maternofetal nutrient transfer is under-researched compared to other organs with epithelial transport function, as evidenced, for example, by publication numbers. This report provides reasons why more researchers should become involved in this topic. First, the syncytiotrophoblast, the transporting epithelium of the placenta, though having many basic cell physiology properties similar to those of other transporting epithelia, has several properties which are markedly different. Better information on these might help fundamental understanding of how epithelia in general function as well as improving knowledge of how the syncytiotrophoblast operates. Second, the synctiotrophoblast has a key role in controlling fetal growth, not only by transporting nutrients and waste products of metabolism but also because it increasingly appears to be one site, perhaps even the dominant site, in which integration of, sometimes conflicting, signals between mother and fetus takes place. Finally, better understanding of placental nutrient transfer and especially of how it is regulated by maternal and fetal signals could provide better information on the placental phenotype in fetal growth disorders -information which might contribute to providing better biomarkers which the obstetrician could use to improve early diagnosis of these disorders.

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“…Because the placenta is a lipid-pore membrane (Kurz and Fasching, 1968), QDs and Cd 2þ could cross the placental barrier by passive diffusion. Even though the placental barrier could only partly prevent the QDs penetrating into the fetuses on account of the small diameter of placental channels (Kertschanska et al, 1997), QDs may also be ingested by endocytosis (Chu et al, 2010). The less toxicity of PEG-or SiO 2 -coated QDs may be ascribed to the larger particle size and the reduced release of Cd 2þ ions.…”

Section: Np-induced Embryo-fetal Toxicity In Animal Models Quantum Dotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticles induced embryo–fetal toxicity

Wang

2020

Toxicol Ind Health

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Applications of nanomaterials cause a general concern on their toxicity when they intentionally (such as in medicine) or unintentionally (environment exposure) enter into the human body. As a special subpopulation, pregnant women are more susceptible to nanoparticle (NP)-induced toxicity. More importantly, prenatal exposures may affect the entire life of the fetus. Through blood circulation, NPs may cross placental barriers and enter into fetus. A cascade of events, such as damage in placental barriers, generation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered gene expression, may induce delayed or abnormal fetal development. The physicochemical properties of NPs, exposure time, and other factors directly affect nanotoxicity in pregnant populations. Even though results from animal studies cannot directly extrapolate to humans, compelling evidence has already shown that, for pregnant women, caution must be taken when dealing with nanomedicines or NP pollutants.

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The ultrastructure of the trophoblastic layer of the degu (Octodon degus) Placenta: a Re-evaluation of the ‘Channel Problem’

Cited by 31 publications

References 12 publications

Nanoparticles and female reproductive system: how do nanoparticles affect oogenesis and embryonic development

Nanoparticles and female reproductive system: how do nanoparticles affect oogenesis and embryonic development

Understanding placental nutrient transfer – why bother? New biomarkers of fetal growth

Nanoparticles induced embryo–fetal toxicity

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