The ubiquitous nature of accessory calcite in granitoid rocks: Implications for weathering, solute evolution, and petrogenesis

White, Art F.; Schulz, Marjorie S.; Lowenstern, Jacob B.; Vivit, Davison V.; Bullen, Thomas D.

doi:10.1016/j.gca.2004.09.012

Cited by 139 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…White et al, 1999;Kilchmann et al, 2004;Frengstad and Banks, 2007;Hölting and Coldewey, 2013). Given that accessory minerals and fracture coatings generally only occur in low quantities (White et al, 1999(White et al, , 2005, and that the reactive surfaces in most crystalline rock aquifers are restricted to the hydraulically active fractures, the amount of total dissolved solids in the groundwater in the majority of shallow crystalline rock aquifers is low. According to the hydro chemical study of Kilchmann et al (2004) in the Swiss and French Alps, groundwater from crystalline rocks is generally of the Ca-HCO 3 -SO 4 type and dilute (22 to 158 mg / l total dissolved solids).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquifer geochemistry of crystalline rocks and Quaternary deposits in a high altitude alpine environment (Kauner Valley, Austria)

Strauhal¹,

Prager²,

Millen³

et al. 2016

AJES

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In the Upper Kauner Valley of the Tyrolean Central Alps in Austria, some of the slopes, consisting of crystalline bedrock covered by Quaternary deposits, host groundwater of remarkable chemical composition. The bedrock consists mainly of a thick paragneiss series with intercalations of orthogneiss and amphibolite belonging to the Ötztal-Stubai Basement Complex. These metamorphic rocks are ubiquitously fractured and the fracture surfaces are coated with Fe-(hydr-)oxides and chlorite but also carbonates. Sul phides occur as dispersed accessory crystals and locally as small ore deposits. During the Quaternary, the valley floor, slopes, and cirques were covered by clastic sediments of differing thicknesses. A striking feature of the valley is that the slopes have been affected by different types of mass movements (rockfalls, debris flows and deep-seated rockslides). Data from extensive (hydro)geological field surveys, tunnels (exploration drift and water conduction galleries) and exploration drillings indicate that the groundwater preferentially flows within zones of highly weathered bedrock (i.e. the saprolite), brittle fault and fracture zones, deep-seated rockslides, and in the conductive Quaternary deposits, i.e. the talus, colluvium, debris flow and alluvial deposits. Interestingly, unusually high amounts of total dissolved solids (>1000 mg / l) were measured in some spring waters. Tritium and δ18 O values indicate short residence times (<5 years) and the analysis of δ 18 O and δ 2 H data shows that the groundwater is of meteoric origin and that no fractionation or evaporation processes, leading to increased mineralisation, have taken place. Ca and Mg are the dominant cations and SO 4 and HCO 3 are the major anions present. Data correlation shows that the electric conductivity (EC) of the waters increases with increasing Ca, Mg and SO 4 concentration, but not with HCO 3 . Low δ 34 S values indicate that the dissolved sulphate can be attributed to the oxidation of sulphides. Accordingly, the dissolution of carbonate fracture fillings and the oxidation of pyrite and other sulphides are regarded as the main processes responsible for the mineralised groundwater in the study area. Aquifer geochemistry of crystalline rocks and Quaternary deposits in a high altitude alpine environment (Kauner Valley, Austria) 30

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquifer geochemistry of crystalline rocks and Quaternary deposits in a high altitude alpine environment (Kauner Valley, Austria)

Strauhal¹,

Prager²,

Millen³

et al. 2016

AJES

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“…Some mineral weathering reactions, such as carbonate dissolution, pyrite oxidation or plagioclase feldspar dissolution, are described as profile initiating reactions that begin the process of disaggregating bedrock into regolith; weathering reactions such as clay dissolution, however, are likely more important in controlling the overall regolith thickness . Indeed, studies on various lithologies have documented the deepest weathering reactions as carbonate dissolution (White et al, 2005;Williams et al, 2007;Jin et al, 2010), biotite oxidation (Buss et al, 2008;Behrens et al, 2015;Bazilevskaya et al, 2015), or plagioclase feldspar dissolution (Brantley and White, 2009;Behrens et al, 2015) but these minerals sometimes constitute a small fraction of the overall parent mineralogical composition.…”

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confidence: 99%

Mineralogical Transformations and Soil Development in Shale across a Latitudinal Climosequence

Dere¹,

White

April³

et al. 2016

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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PedologyTo investigate factors controlling soil formation, we established a climosequence as part of the Susquehanna-Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SSHCZO) in central Pennsylvania, USA. Sites were located on organic matter-poor, iron-rich Silurian-aged shale in Wales, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, and Puerto Rico, although this last site is underlain by a younger shale. Across the climosequence, mean annual temperature (MAT) increases from 7 to 24°C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) ranges from 100 to 250 cm. Variations in soil characteristics along the climosequence, including depth, morphology, particle-size distribution, geochemistry, and bulk and clay mineralogy, were characterized to investigate the role of climate in controlling mineral transformations and soil formation. Overall, soil horizonation, depth, clay content, and chemical depletion increase with increasing temperature and precipitation, consistent with enhanced soil development and weathering processes in warmer and wetter locations. Secondary minerals are present at higher concentrations at the warmest sites of the climosequence; kaolinite increases from <5% at northern sites in Wales and Pennsylvania to 30% in Puerto Rico. The deepest observed weathering reaction is plagioclase feldspar dissolution followed by the transformation of chlorite and illite to vermiculite and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite. Plagioclase, although constituting <12% of the initial shale mineralogy, may be the profile initiating reaction that begins shale bedrock transformation to weathered regolith. Weathering of the more abundant chlorite and illite minerals (~70% of initial mineralogy), however, are more likely controlling regolith thickness. Climate appears to play a central role in driving soil formation and mineral weathering reactions across the climosequence.Abbreviations: CZ, critical zone; HIV, hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite; ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy; LGM, last glacial maximum; MAP, mean annual precipitation; MAT, mean annual temperature; MCL, Materials Characterization Laboratory; SRT, soil residence time ; SSHCZO, Susquehanna-Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory; XRD, x-ray diffraction. Q uantifying changes in the critical zone (CZ), especially soil development and function, is important for predicting the future of soils (NRC, 2001). The CZ extends from the top of the vegetation canopy to freshwater aquifers beneath Earth's surface and is the focus of most ecosystem processes that support terrestrial life . Soil formation within the CZ involves complex coupling between physical, chemical, and biological processes that are not well quantified (Amundson, 2004). Efforts to predict how future changes in climate and land use will modify the CZ are ongoing and are important aspects of developing adaptation and management plans for human society (Banwart et al., 2011 Core Ideas• Detailed characterization of the morphology, geochemistry, and mineralogy of shale-derived soils across a climosequenc...

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“…1a), and, to some extent, kinetically slower hydrolysis of silicate minerals. Calcite and other carbonates may be present in soils or recent superficial deposits overlying the crystalline bedrock aquifer, or they may be present as trace components or fracture surface minerals within the crystalline bedrock lithology itself (White et al 1999(White et al , 2005.…”

Section: Hydrogeochemical Evolution In Crystalline Bedrock Aquifersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon-13 in groundwater from English and Norwegian crystalline rock aquifers: a tool for deducing the origin of alkalinity?

Bottrell

Hipkins

Lane

et al. 2017

Sustain. Water Resour. Manag.

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The ubiquitous nature of accessory calcite in granitoid rocks: Implications for weathering, solute evolution, and petrogenesis

Cited by 139 publications

References 44 publications

Aquifer geochemistry of crystalline rocks and Quaternary deposits in a high altitude alpine environment (Kauner Valley, Austria)

Aquifer geochemistry of crystalline rocks and Quaternary deposits in a high altitude alpine environment (Kauner Valley, Austria)

Mineralogical Transformations and Soil Development in Shale across a Latitudinal Climosequence

Carbon-13 in groundwater from English and Norwegian crystalline rock aquifers: a tool for deducing the origin of alkalinity?

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