“…These autophagy adaptors, which include NBR1, NDP52, optineurin, p62 and TAX1BP1, are important for the antibacterial response and may have functions extending beyond phagophore recruitment (Verlhac et al, 2015, Randow and Youle, 2014, Tumbarello et al, 2015). Less is known about how microorganisms are targeted by Ub chains, although E3 Ub ligases targeting cytosolic S. typhimurium (Huett et al, 2012, Noad et al, 2017, van Wijk et al, 2017) and M. tuberculosis -containing vacuoles (Manzanillo et al, 2013, Franco et al, 2017) have been identified. Interestingly, the recognition of extracellular bacterial DNA by the cGAS-STING pathway, originally identified as activating the type I interferon response, seems to be a trigger for the ubiquitylation of M. tuberculosis -containing vacuoles during infection (Watson et al, 2015).…”