The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Particulate Matter Health Effects Research Centers Program: a midcourse report of status, progress, and plans.

Lippmann, Morton; Frampton, Mark W.; Schwartz, Joel; Dockery, Douglas W.; Schlesinger, Richard B.; Koutrakis, Petros; Froines, John R.; Nel, André E.; Finkelstein, J. N.; Godleski, John J.; Kaufman, Joel D.; Koenig, Jane Q.; Larson, Tim; Luchtel, Dan; Liu, L-J Sally; Oberdörster, Günter; Peters, Annette; Sarnat, Jeremy A.; Sioutas, Constantinos; Suh, Helen; Sullivan, Jeff; Utell, Mark J.; Wichmann, Erich; Zelikoff, Judith T.

doi:10.1289/ehp.5750

Cited by 110 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…As epidemiologic studies seek to better assess the role of PM and its components on human health, several atmospheric studies are in progress that seek to elucidate the association of components of atmospheric PM with human health effects. 16 Because personal activity patterns vary as a function of the time of the week, the covariance of air pollution concentrations with personal activity patterns can bias epidemiologic study results if this covariance is not properly addressed. 10 To this end, there is a great need to understand the temporal structure of atmospheric PM components in the urban atmosphere.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hourly and Daily Patterns of Particle-Phase Organic and Elemental Carbon Concentrations in the Urban Atmosphere

Bae

Schauer

DeMinter

et al. 2004

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Two semicontinuous elemental and organic carbon analyzers along with daily integrated samplers, which were used for laboratory elemental and organic carbon analysis, were operated to measure PM 2.5 organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) for the entire year of 2002 at the St. Louis Midwest Supersite. The annual-average denuded OC and EC concentrations were 3.88 and 0.7 g/m 3 , respectively. A comparison of the 24-hr average denuded and undenuded OC measurements showed a positive bias for the undenuded OC measurement that was best represented by a positive intercept of 0.34 Ϯ 0.1 g/m 3 and a slope of 1.06 Ϯ 0.02, with an R 2 of 0.91. The full year of daily EC and OC measurements was used to demonstrate that a one-in-six-day sampling strategy at this site accurately represents the annual average concentrations. Although fine particle OC concentrations did not correlate with day of the week, EC concentrations showed a significant weekly pattern, with the highest concentration during the middle of the workweek and the lowest concentration on Sundays. Hourly EC and OC measurements yielded average diurnal patterns for the EC to OC ratio that peaked during morning rush hour traffic on weekdays but not on weekends. INTRODUCTIONThe temporal distributions of atmospheric pollutants have been used to identify air pollution sources 1-4 and have been used in epidemiologic studies to assess the health effects associated with exposure to air pollutants. [5][6][7][8] The statistical models that are used to assess source and health impacts from the temporal structure of air pollutant measurements need to properly address confounding factors that arise from the covariance among air pollutants and the covariance with other health risk factors to avoid model biases. 9,10 Although significant progress has been made to elucidate the covariance of gaseous pollutants with each other and with the time of day and the day of week, 11-15 only limited information on the covariance of constituents in atmospheric particulate matter (PM) has been elucidated. The difficulty in assessing the temporal structure in the composition of atmospheric PM results from the nature of most PM monitoring efforts. Because of cost considerations, most monitoring efforts that seek to measure the chemical composition of atmospheric PM consist of long-term measurements of the 24-hr average concentrations on a schedule of every sixth day or short-term intensive studies that only span several weeks. The long-term monitoring efforts that make measurements on the time scale of every sixth day are appropriate for assessing trends of seasonal and yearly time scales but do not provide adequate resolution to assess the monthly, weekly, or daily temporal structure. Likewise, short intensive sampling events do not provide sufficiently large data sets to determine the seasonal and yearly averaged trends in the daily and

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hourly and Daily Patterns of Particle-Phase Organic and Elemental Carbon Concentrations in the Urban Atmosphere

Bae

Schauer

DeMinter

et al. 2004

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…: Englert, 2004;Lippmann et al, 2003;Valavanidis et al, 2008). Both the short-terms effects (premature mortality, hospital admissions, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor airborne particle sources and semi-volatile partitioning effect of outdoor fine PM in offices

Sangiorgi

Ferrero

Ferrini

et al. 2013

Atmospheric Environment

117

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To date, few studies have focused on PM air quality in offices, despite the fact that a lot of people spend\ud many working hours a day in such offices. The aim of the present study is to investigate PM1 and PM2.5\ud in offices in Milan (Northern Italy) and in the air outside those offices. The PM samples were analyzed to\ud determine the entity of certain compounds with possible direct or indirect adverse effects on human\ud health: PAHs, BpA, and water soluble inorganic ions.\ud A good correlation between outdoor and indoor PM mass concentrations emerged (R2 w0.87). The\ud maximum I/O concentration ratiowas 0.92, suggesting that the indoor PM levelwas always lower than the\ud outdoor level. The average infiltration factor, FINF,was 0.55, showing that about a half of the outdoor PMhad\ud come indoors. The indoor-generated particles, Cig, had values ranging from 0 to 4.4 mg m3 (<25% of the\ud indoor PM), showing that PM indoor sources had only made a limited contribution to total indoor PM.\ud The results of the indoor-to-outdoor comparisons for the aforementioned chemical compounds\ud demonstrate that the offices were characterized by the absence of effective indoor sources of particulatebound\ud PAHs and inorganic ions, whereas Cig was around 58% of the indoor concentration for BpA. Our\ud analysis of the FINF data pointed to the presence of a volatilization effect from PM for semi-volatile\ud compounds like ammonium nitrate and 4- or 5-ring PAHs, which affected the measurement of their\ud FINF. We propose the introduction of a new and simple parameter, called volatilization correction, to take\ud account of this effect

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“…Use of murine models of asthma have led to several new insights in the pathophysiology of this common childhood syndrome (Mauderly, 2000;Lippmann et al, 2003;Wages et al, 2004;Taube et al, 2004;Pauluhn and Mohr, 2005). This includes the potential effect of inhaled ambient particulate matter in these asthmatic mouse models (Kleinman et al, 2005;Hao et al, 2003).…”

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confidence: 99%

Predicted Tracheobronchial and Pulmonary Deposition in a Murine Asthma Model

Oldham

Robinson

2007

The Anatomical Record

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Particulate matter dosimetry provides the critical link between exposures and initial doses reaching various sites in the respiratory tract. To extrapolate findings from animal models to humans, quantitative respiratory-tract anatomical data dosimetry in these animal models is required. The goal of this study was to provide anatomical information for the tracheobronchial and pulmonary region so predictions of particle deposition could be performed for a widely used model of asthma; the sensitized Balb/c mouse. Tracheobronchial airway morphometry of sensitized male Balb/c mice was generated from three in situ prepared lung casts. Distribution of the number of generations to terminal bronchiole for each lung lobe was determined by assigning a unique binary number to each airway. This strategy enabled the median path length to terminal bronchiole to be determined. A total of 25 median length paths to terminal bronchiole were measured (airway length, diameter, and branch angle) in each lung cast. These 25 paths were proportionately distributed among the six lobes based upon the number of median length pathways in each cast. Airway length, diameter, and branch angle were measured for each airway in the 25 median length pathways. Measurements of airway length, diameter, and branch angle for each generation were averaged to create a typical path tracheobronchial anatomy model. A pulmonary airway model was also developed so that particle deposition predictions could be performed for particle diameters of 0.2-10 micrometers. Particle deposition efficiency predictions were consistent with in vivo measured deposition.

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Particulate Matter Health Effects Research Centers Program: a midcourse report of status, progress, and plans.

Cited by 110 publications

References 58 publications

Hourly and Daily Patterns of Particle-Phase Organic and Elemental Carbon Concentrations in the Urban Atmosphere

Hourly and Daily Patterns of Particle-Phase Organic and Elemental Carbon Concentrations in the Urban Atmosphere

Indoor airborne particle sources and semi-volatile partitioning effect of outdoor fine PM in offices

Predicted Tracheobronchial and Pulmonary Deposition in a Murine Asthma Model

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