The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP): Clinical, Diagnostic, and Epidemiological Methodologies

Kalckreuth, Vera von; Konings, Frank; Aaby, Péter; Adu‐Sarkodie, Yaw; Ali, Mohammad; Aseffa, Abraham; Baker, Stephen; Breiman, Robert F.; Bjerregaard-Andersen, Morten; Clemens, John D.; Crump, John A.; Espinoza, Ligia María Cruz; Deerin, Jessica Fung; Gasmelseed, Nagla; Sow, Amy Gassama; Im, Justin; Keddy, Karen H.; Cosmas, Leonard; May, Jürgen; Meyer, Christian G.; Mintz, Eric D.; Montgomery, Joel M.; Olack, Beatrice; Pak, Gi Deok; Panzner, Ursula; Park, Se Eun; Rakotozandrindrainy, Raphäel; Schütt-Gerowitt, Heidi; Soura, Abdramane; Warren, Michelle R.; Wierzba, Thomas F.; Marks, Florian

doi:10.1093/cid/civ693

Cited by 69 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Population-based incidence studies are best suited to estimate the incidence of an infectious disease in Africa. This can be done by either adjusting the data obtained from hospital-based study with data obtained from simultaneous health-seeking surveys carried out in the same community (for example, as has been carried out by the Typhoid Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP) and Severe Typhoid in Africa programme [207] or designing a study with a method that will allow for identification of all the cases of the disease within the target community.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of the Incidence, Risk Factors and Case Fatality Rates of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) Disease in Africa (1966 to 2014)

2017

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This study systematically reviews the literature on the occurrence, incidence and case fatality rate (CFR) of invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease in Africa from 1966 to 2014. Data on the burden of iNTS disease in Africa are sparse and generally have not been aggregated, making it difficult to describe the epidemiology that is needed to inform the development and implementation of effective prevention and control policies. This study involved a comprehensive search of PubMed and Embase databases. It documents the geographical spread of iNTS disease over time in Africa, and describes its reported incidence, risk factors and CFR. We found that Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) have been reported as a cause of bacteraemia in 33 out of 54 African countries, spanning the five geographical regions of Africa, and especially in sub-Saharan Africa since 1966. Our review indicates that NTS have been responsible for up to 39% of community acquired blood stream infections in sub-Saharan Africa with an average CFR of 19%. Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis are the major serovars implicated and together have been responsible for 91%% of the cases of iNTS disease, (where serotype was determined), reported in Africa. The study confirms that iNTS disease is more prevalent amongst Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals, infants, and young children with malaria, anaemia and malnutrition. In conclusion, iNTS disease is a substantial cause of community-acquired bacteraemia in Africa. Given the high morbidity and mortality of iNTS disease in Africa, it is important to develop effective prevention and control strategies including vaccination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review of the Incidence, Risk Factors and Case Fatality Rates of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) Disease in Africa (1966 to 2014)

2017

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“…By using existing surveillance infrastructures in sub-Saharan Africa, we have the opportunity now to study these coinfections in more detail [67]. This is necessary for governments to prioritize interventions—such as vaccine programs and treatment options—that reduce morbidity and mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction between Salmonella and Schistosomiasis: A Review

Hsiao¹,

Toy²,

Seo³

et al. 2016

PLoS Pathog

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The interaction between schistosomiasis and Salmonella is a particularly important issue in Africa, where dual infection by the parasite and the bacterium are likely common. In this review, the ways in which schistosomiasis affects human biology as it relates to Salmonella are described. Those who are infected by both organisms experience reduced immunological functioning, exhibit irreversible organ damage due to prolonged schistosomiasis infection, and become latent carriers of Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi and S. Typhimurium. The sequestration of the bacteria in the parasite leads to ineffective antibiotic treatment because the bacteria cannot be completely killed, and lingering infection may then lead to antimicrobial resistance. These manifestations are likely not just for those dually infected but also for those first infected with schistosomes and, later, Salmonella. More data are needed to better understand dual infection, particularly as it may impact treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis and Salmonella in sub-Saharan Africa.

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“…The study sites in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau and Dakar, Senegal are both located in West Africa and participated in the TSAP surveillance program [18]. Both sites were classified as urban settings and have established laboratories performing bacterial stool culture.…”

Section: Study Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence ofSalmonellaExcretion in Stool: A Community Survey in 2 Sites, Guinea-Bissau and Senegal

Nichols

Bjerregaard-Andersen

et al. 2016

Clin Infect Dis.

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The Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program (TSAP): Clinical, Diagnostic, and Epidemiological Methodologies

Abstract: By providing standardized data on the incidence of typhoid fever and iNTS disease in sub-Saharan Africa, TSAP will provide vital input for targeted typhoid fever prevention programs.

Cited by 69 publications

References 43 publications

A Systematic Review of the Incidence, Risk Factors and Case Fatality Rates of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) Disease in Africa (1966 to 2014)

A Systematic Review of the Incidence, Risk Factors and Case Fatality Rates of Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) Disease in Africa (1966 to 2014)

Interaction between Salmonella and Schistosomiasis: A Review

Prevalence ofSalmonellaExcretion in Stool: A Community Survey in 2 Sites, Guinea-Bissau and Senegal

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