The Tymbal: Evolution of a Complex Vibration-Producing Organ in the Tymbalia (Hemiptera excl. Sternorrhyncha)

Wessel, Andreas; Mühlethaler, Roland; Hartung, Viktor; Kuštor, Valerija; Gogala, Matija

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-43607-3_20

Cited by 32 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…The set of muscles that we have found involved in the signaling of U. crassicornis fit with the set proposed by Wessel et al (2014) as being components of the tymbalian tymbal organ. According to their definition of a tymbalian tymbal organ, the muscles III vlm, I a dvm1 and I a dvm2 are all members of this set that together produce movements that generate vibrations used for communication.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…There are four major sets of muscles that are located at the T3-A1 border and are in the position to be moving the abdomen during courtship. The nomenclature we propose for these muscles is based on that used by Wessel et al (2014), and originated from the anatomical studies of Ossiannilsson (1949). There is a bilaterally paired dorsal longitudinal muscle (I a dlm) that has attachments to dorsal apodemes in A1 and T3 ( Fig.…”

Section: Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Motor and mechanical bases of the courtship call of the male treehopper,Umbonia crassicornis

Miles

Allison

Losinger

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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This study is a physiological, anatomical and biophysical analysis of how plant-borne vibrational signals are produced by the treehopper Umbonia crassicornis. During courtship, males and females engage in a vibrational duet, with each producing a characteristic call. For males, this consists of a frequency-modulated tonal signal which is accompanied by rhythmic broad-band clicks. Although previous studies have described these complex signals in detail, little is known about how they are produced. By combining video recordings, electromyograms, dissections and mechanical modeling, we describe the mechanism by which the male produces his courtship signal. High-speed videos show that the tonal portion of the call is produced by periodic dorso-ventral movements of the abdomen, with a relatively large amplitude oscillation alternating with a smaller oscillation. Electromyograms from the muscles we identified that produce this motion reveal that they fire at half the frequency of the abdominal oscillation, throughout the frequency modulation of the tonal signal. Adding weight to the abdomen of a calling male reduces the frequency of motion, demonstrating that the abdominal motion is strongly influenced by its mechanical resonance. A mathematical model accounting for this resonance provides excellent qualitative agreement with measurements of both the muscle firing rate recorded electrophysiologically and the oscillatory motion of the abdomen as recorded in the high-speed video. The model, electromyograms and analysis of video recordings further suggest that the frequency modulation of the abdominal response is due to a simultaneous modulation in the muscle firing rate and a fluctuation in stiffness of the abdominal attachment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Anatomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor and mechanical bases of the courtship call of the male treehopper,Umbonia crassicornis

Miles

Allison

Losinger

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Interestingly, not only singing cicadas (i.e. those producing air-borne sound for long-range acoustic signalling) use a tymbal, but several groups among the Auchenorrhyncha produce vibratory signals with tymbals as well and it has been hypothesised that the tymbal has evolved already some 300 million years ago (Wessel et al 2014). The tympanic ear, however, is restricted to the cicadas relying on airborne acoustic signalling for mate attraction and, therefore, might very well have evolved for intraspecific communication (Strümpel 2005).…”

Section: Evolutionary Origins Of Tympanal Ears and Auditory Sensory Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective forces on origin, adaptation and reduction of tympanal ears in insects

Strauß

Stumpner

2014

J Comp Physiol A

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Insect ears evolved many times independently. As a consequence, a striking diversity exists in the location, construction and behavioural implementation of ears. In this review, we first summarise what is known about the evolutionary origin of ears and the presumed precursor organs in the various insect groups. Thereafter, we focus on selective forces for making and keeping an ear: we discuss detecting and localising predators and conspecifics, including establishing new "private" channels for intraspecific communication. More advanced aspects involve judging the distance of conspecifics, or assessing individual quality from songs which makes auditory processing a means for exerting sexual selection on mating partners. We try to identify negative selective forces, mainly in the context of energy expenditure for developing and keeping an ear, but also in conjunction with acoustic communication, which incorporates risks like eavesdropping by predators and parasitoids. We then discuss balancing pressures, which might oppose optimising an ear for a specific task (when it serves different functions, for example). Subsequently, we describe various scenarios that might have led to a reduction or complete loss of ears in evolution. Finally, we describe cases of sex differences in ears and potential reasons for their appearance.

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“…However, vibratory communication in the family Nabidae has not been reported (Gogala, ). Stridulation by a species of Nabidae has been frequently mentioned in the literature; however, this report is based on the misidentification of animals and their ascribed behaviours (Wessel et al ., ). Therefore, in this study, we believe that the response of the females of this species was only caused by chemical cues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can the pheromones of predators modulate responses to herbivore‐induced plant volatiles?

Cabello

Rodriguez‐Manzaneque

Gallego

2017

Annals of Applied Biology

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Biological control of greenhouse pests has been successfully developed and applied. In greenhouse crops, several entomophagous species (predators and parasitoids) are used simultaneously in the crop cycle. One important aspect of these crops, which represent modified ecosystems, is the interactions among complexes of species, including plants, phytophagous insects, and predators. The chemical relationships (semiochemicals: pheromones and kairomones) among these species likely play an important role in greenhouse crops; however, few studies have focused on these relationships. The aim of this study was to analyse the importance of semiochemicals. Three groups of laboratory trials were conducted with two predatory species: Nabis pseudoferus and Nesidiocoris tenuis (Hemiptera: Nabidae and Miridae, respectively). The results of the first group of trials indicated that the adult females of both species were more attracted to herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) than they were to the control plants or plants with artificial damage. Based on the second group of trials, pheromones triggered an attraction in adult females of both species for conspecifics. Finally, based on the interactions of the adult females of the same species, pheromones changed or modulated the predatory responses to HIPVs. The implications of these results for the biological control of pest species in greenhouses are further discussed. Role of pheromones and kairomones in predatory insectsT. Cabello et al.

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The Tymbal: Evolution of a Complex Vibration-Producing Organ in the Tymbalia (Hemiptera excl. Sternorrhyncha)

Cited by 32 publications

References 98 publications

Motor and mechanical bases of the courtship call of the male treehopper,Umbonia crassicornis

Motor and mechanical bases of the courtship call of the male treehopper,Umbonia crassicornis

Selective forces on origin, adaptation and reduction of tympanal ears in insects

Can the pheromones of predators modulate responses to herbivore‐induced plant volatiles?

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