The Two Faces of Hepatitis E Virus

Teshale, Eyasu H.; Hu, Dale J.; Holmberg, Scott D.

doi:10.1086/653943

Cited by 216 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…The reason for the lower replication rate of gt1 and gt3 in placenta‐derived JAR cells compared to JEG‐3 and BeWo cells is currently unclear; however, this could be due to a differential host factor expression required for efficient HEV replication. The first HEV outbreak with reported cases of symptomatic pregnant women was documented in 1987 in Nepal,38 and most of the recent gt1 outbreaks were detected in refugee camps in developing countries, including Somalia,39 Kenya,40 Sudan,41 and Uganda 9. There are, in addition, reports mainly from Egypt in which gt1 infections during pregnancy were not associated with morbidity 42, 43, 44.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, clinical symptoms occur in only 2%‐5% of patients with acute HEV infection, as indicated by vaccine trials where more than 110,000 Chinese individuals were followed 8. In apparent cases, mortality rates are estimated to be between 0.5% and 3%,9 leading to up to 70,000 deaths worldwide per year 10. Ribavirin (RBV) remains the treatment of choice in chronic infections and can be considered in fulminant cases 11, 12, 13.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hepatitis E virus replication and interferon responses in human placental cells

Knegendorf

Drave

Thi

et al. 2018

Hepatology Communications

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a member of the genus Orthohepevirus in the family Hepeviridae and the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans. HEV is a major health problem in developing countries, causing mortality rates up to 25% in pregnant women. However, these cases are mainly reported for HEV genotype (gt)1, while gt3 infections are usually associated with subclinical courses of disease. The pathogenic mechanisms of adverse maternal and fetal outcome during pregnancy in HEV‐infected pregnant women remain elusive. In this study, we observed that HEV is capable of completing the full viral life cycle in placental‐derived cells (JEG‐3). Following transfection of JEG‐3 cells, HEV replication of both HEV gts could be observed. Furthermore, determination of extracellular and intracellular viral capsid levels, infectivity, and biophysical properties revealed production of HEV infectious particles with similar characteristics as in liver‐derived cells. Viral entry was analyzed by infection of target cells and detection of either viral RNA or staining for viral capsid protein by immunofluorescence. HEV gt1 and gt3 were efficiently inhibited by ribavirin in placental as well as in human hepatoma cells. In contrast, interferon‐α sensitivity was lower in the placental cells compared to liver cells for gt1 but not gt3 HEV. Simultaneous determination of interferon‐stimulated gene expression levels demonstrated an efficient HEV‐dependent restriction in JEG‐3. Conclusion: We showed differential tissue‐specific host responses to HEV genotypes, adding to our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to fatal outcomes of HEV infections during pregnancy. Using this cell‐culture system, new therapeutic options for HEV during pregnancy can be identified and evaluated. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:173–187)

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis E virus replication and interferon responses in human placental cells

Knegendorf

Drave

Thi

et al. 2018

Hepatology Communications

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“…HEV genotypes 3 and 4 circulate in animals and humans and they are autochthonous in several industrialised countries of Europe, North America, and in Japan (10). Domestic pigs and wild boars are the main animal reservoir of these genotypes (15,18,23), but HEV antibodies have been detected in many other animal species: rats, cats, monkeys, dogs, cattle, sheep, goats, mongooses, rabbits, chickens, ferrets, bats, and deer (11,16,22,24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary study on the detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in pigs and wild boars in Poland

Weiner

Tokarska-Rodak

Plewik³

et al. 2016

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Introduction: Although HEV infection in pigs does not pose a major economic risk to pork production, the risk of zoonotic transmission to humans is an important aspect of public health. HEV genotype 3 infections were reported in developed countries in individuals who had consumed raw meat or meat products from deer, wild boars, or pigs. The aim of the study was the analysis of the occurrence of HEV-specific antibodies among wild boars and domestic pigs in Poland. Material and Methods: A total of 290 samples from wild boars and 143 samples from pigs were tested. The antibodies were tested by ELISA. Results: The presence of anti-HEV IgG was demonstrated in 44.1% of pigs and 31.0% of wild boars. Anti-HEV IgG antibodies were detected in 1.4% of samples from pigs and in 2.1% of samples from wild boars at borderline level. The statistical analysis shows significant differences in the positive results for anti-HEV IgG between the groups of pigs and wild boars (P = 0.0263). Conclusion: Regular surveillance of the occurrence of HEV in swine and wild boars should be performed in the future.

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“…It is the most common cause of fulminant hepatic failure in areas with endemic HEV infection (1,2). In these areas, poor individual and public sanitation may lead to fecal-oral transmission of HEV and consequently large outbreaks may occur through contaminated water and foods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Hepatitis E Virus Among Pregnant Women

Mamani¹,

Zamani²,

Hashemi³

et al. 2015

Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect

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Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a major public health problem in developing countries, which could progress to an acute self-limited hepatitis. Young adults and middle-aged people are more likely to be infected than children and elderly persons. The disease is usually mild in general population; severe infection is more seen among pregnant women and leads to a high rate of mortality in this population. Objectives: This study aimed to assess seroprevalence of HEV infection and related risk factors among pregnant women referred to Fatemieh Hospital in Hamadan, Iran. Patients and Methods: A total of 1050 pregnant women were included in this prospective cross-sectional study, conducted from 2010 to 2011. Anti-HEV specific IgG was measured with ELISA method. A questionnaire containing research purposes was also fulfilled for each participant. Results:The mean age of pregnant women was 27.2 ± 5.6 years. The overall seroprevalence of anti-HEV was 7.4%. There was a significant association between anti-HEV seropositivity and age (P < 0.001), degree of education (P = 0.017), number of household members (P = 0.002), siblings (P = 0.005), and parities (P = 0.007). However, no significant relationship was observed between positive anti-HEV and variables such as place of residence, occupation, history of animal contacts, agricultural activities, type of drinking water, and the method of washing vegetables (P > 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results, 92.6% of pregnant women were anti-HEV negative. However, there is no available effective vaccine for its prevention in human yet. Therefore, education about environmental and personal hygiene before and during pregnancy may be helpful for decreasing the rate of HEV infection in this high risk population.

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The Two Faces of Hepatitis E Virus

Cited by 216 publications

References 70 publications

Hepatitis E virus replication and interferon responses in human placental cells

Hepatitis E virus replication and interferon responses in human placental cells

Preliminary study on the detection of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies in pigs and wild boars in Poland

Seroprevalence of Antibodies to Hepatitis E Virus Among Pregnant Women

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