The turple effect is modulated by base word frequency: Implications for models of lexical and semantic access

Mulatti, Claudio; Cembrani, Veronica; Peressotti, Francesca; Job, Remo

doi:10.3758/pbr.15.6.1078

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The task was to decide whether the word was a name of an animal. The semantic categorization responses were significantly slower for the experimental words than for the control words (see also Boot & Pecher, 2008;Bowers, Davis, & Hanley, 2005;Forster, 2006;Mulatti, Cembrani, Peressotti, & Job, 2008;Pecher, De Rooij, & Zeelenberg, 2009;Pecher, Zeelenberg, & Wagenmakers, 2005), providing further support for the idea that letter strings do activate semantic information appropriate to their orthographic neighbors.…”

Section: Semantic Activation Of Orthographic Neighborsmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Following an interactive view (e.g., Boot & Pecher, 2008;Bowers et al, 2005;Pecher et al, 2009Pecher et al, , 2005, we assumed activation cascades between the orthographic/lexical (or, in Experiment 2, the phonological) and semantic levels with semantic activation arising for words whenever their orthographic (or phonological) representations are at least partially activated. Some researchers, however, have suggested that orthographic/ lexical processing is modular in the sense that semantic activation arises only after a lexical representation has been selected (the form first hypothesis; e.g., Forster, 2006;Forster & Hector, 2002;Mulatti et al, 2008). If so, semantic activation would be expected to only arise for a word selected during lexical processing and not for any orthographic neighbors of the presented stimulus.…”

Section: Can the Form-first Model Account For The Present Results?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specific issue examined in the present research is the process by which words activate the semantic information of their neighbors. There are a number of studies reporting the evidence of semantic activation of neighbors using alphabetic languages (e.g., Boot & Pecher, 2008;Bourassa & Besner, 1998;Forster, 2006;Forster & Hector, 2002;Mulatti et al, 2008;Pecher et al, 2009Pecher et al, , 2005Rodd, 2004). Using stimuli in alphabetic languages, however, it is hard to determine whether the semantic activation of neighbors arises directly from orthography or is mediated by phonology because orthographically similar stimuli tend to be phonologically similar as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some researchers, however, have suggested that orthographic/lexical processing is modular in the sense that semantic activation arises only after a lexical representation has been selected (the form first hypothesis ; e.g., Forster, 2006; Forster & Hector, 2002; Mulatti et al, 2008). If so, semantic activation would be expected to only arise for a word selected during lexical processing and not for any orthographic neighbors of the presented stimulus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of orthography in the semantic activation of neighbors.

Hino

Lupker

Taylor³

2012

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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There is now considerable evidence that a letter string can activate semantic information appropriate to its orthographic neighbors (e.g., Forster & Hector's, 2002, TURPLE effect). This phenomenon is the focus of the present research. Using Japanese words, we examined whether semantic activation of neighbors is driven directly by orthographic similarity alone or whether there is also a role for phonological similarity. In Experiment 1, using a relatedness judgment task in which a Kanji word-Katakana word pair was presented on each trial, an inhibitory effect was observed when the initial Kanji word was related to an orthographic and phonological neighbor of the Katakana word target but not when the initial Kanji word was related to a phonological but not orthographic neighbor of the Katakana word target. This result suggests that phonology plays little, if any, role in the activation of neighbors' semantics when reading familiar words. In Experiment 2, the targets were transcribed into Hiragana, a script they are typically not written in, requiring readers to engage in phonological coding. In that experiment, inhibitory effects were observed in both conditions. This result indicates that phonologically mediated semantic activation of neighbors will emerge when phonological processing is necessary in order to understand a written word (e.g., when that word is transcribed into an unfamiliar script).

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Section: Semantic Activation Of Orthographic Neighborsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Can the Form-first Model Account For The Present Results?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The role of orthography in the semantic activation of neighbors.

Hino

Lupker

Taylor³

2012

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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“…Mulatti and Coltheart 2012;Mulatti et al 2008Mulatti et al , 2010. Namely, this area of study considers the artifact kind primarily as a psychological kind: i.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Artifact and Tool Categorization

2013

Self Cite

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This study addresses the issue of artifact kinds from a psychological and cognitive perspective. The primary interest of the investigation lies in understanding how artifacts are categorized and what are the properties people rely on for their identification. According to a classical philosophical definition artifacts form an autonomous class of instances including all and only those objects that do not exist in nature, but are artificial, in the sense that they are made by an artĭfex. This definition suggests that artifacts are classified primarily on the basis of the recognition of their artificial nature. Nevertheless, many psychological and cognitive studies maintain that artifacts are categorized mainly on the basis of the recognition of the function they have been made to accomplish. Since tools are also categorized primarily on the basis of their function, this would imply that artifacts and tools are represented in the same way. In the study participants categorized a set of objects (denoted by words) once as tools and once as artifacts. Results show that reaction times (RTs) are faster in the artifact categorization condition than in the tool categorization condition. This pattern indicates that artifacts and tools are not represented in the same way and that the identification of the members of each class is carried out in the basis of different criteria.

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Orthographic versus semantic matching in visual search for words within lists.

Léger¹,

Rouet²,

Ros³

et al. 2012

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne

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An eye-tracking experiment was performed to assess the influence of orthographic and semantic distractor words on visual search for words within lists. The target word (e.g., "raven") was either shown to participants before the search (literal search) or defined by its semantic category (e.g., "bird", categorical search). In both cases, the type of words included in the list affected visual search times and eye movement patterns. In the literal condition, the presence of orthographic distractors sharing initial and final letters with the target word strongly increased search times. Indeed, the orthographic distractors attracted participants' gaze and were fixated for longer times than other words in the list. The presence of semantic distractors related to the target word also increased search times, which suggests that significant automatic semantic processing of nontarget words took place. In the categorical condition, semantic distractors were expected to have a greater impact on the search task. As expected, the presence in the list of semantic associates of the target word led to target selection errors. However, semantic distractors did not significantly increase search times any more, whereas orthographic distractors still did. Hence, the visual characteristics of nontarget words can be strong predictors of the efficiency of visual search even when the exact target word is unknown. The respective impacts of orthographic and semantic distractors depended more on the characteristics of lists than on the nature of the search task.

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The turple effect is modulated by base word frequency: Implications for models of lexical and semantic access

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

The role of orthography in the semantic activation of neighbors.

The role of orthography in the semantic activation of neighbors.

Artifact and Tool Categorization

Orthographic versus semantic matching in visual search for words within lists.

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