The Tumescent Technique: The Effect of High Tissue Pressure and Dilute Epinephrine on Absorption of Lidocaine

Electrochemotherapy Under Tumescent Local Anesthesia for the Treatment of Cutaneous Metastases

“…False intravascular injection is noticed immediately. Vasoconstrictor additives increase the duration of action of the anesthetic agents and decrease systemic toxicity . Adrenaline may also act synergistically with the vascular effects of electroporation.…”

Plastic Surgery: Understanding Abdominoplasty and Liposuction

“…Patient selection criteria are similar to the criteria used for abdominoplasty. Liposuction patients must be especially committed to lifestyle changes (eg, eating a proper diet, exercising regularly) to achieve long‐term results 28 . Patients with excessive stria (ie, stretch marks) are poor candidates for liposuction because their skin is not capable of retracting and remolding over the new underlying contour.…”

“…The task force further recommends that surgeons avoid epinephrine use in patients with conditions such as severe hypertension, cardiac disease, or peripheral vascular disease 7 . Epinephrine dosing should be kept at less than 0.07 mg/kg, 7 although higher doses have been reported to be safe 28 …”