The tropics, helminth infections and hygiene hypotheses

Caraballo, Luis

doi:10.1080/1744666x.2018.1424543

Cited by 20 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Alternatively, other clinical studies suggest that Ascaris infection may protect against allergic disease (38)(39)(40). It has been postulated that ascariasis may inhibit allergic reactivity through the induction of high levels of polyclonal IgE, which saturate effector cells and suppress the response to specific environmental allergens, or through excretory and secretory immunomodulatory molecules, such as PAS-1, that exhibit antiinflammatory properties (38,41,42). Direct comparisons of data from clinical studies evaluating the impact of ascariasis on the host lungs remain challenging secondary to inconsistent diagnostic capabilities in areas of endemicity as well as variation in study populations, such as rural versus urban environments, seasonality and frequency of infection, genetic predisposition, age of infection, and intensity of infection (10,11,40,42,43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ascaris Larval Infection and Lung Invasion Directly Induce Severe Allergic Airway Disease in Mice

et al. 2018

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(roundworm) is the most common helminth infection globally and a cause of lifelong morbidity that may include allergic airway disease, an asthma phenotype. We hypothesize that larval migration through the lungs leads to persistent airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and type 2 inflammatory lung pathology despite resolution of infection that resembles allergic airway disease. Mice were infected with by oral gavage. Lung AHR was measured by plethysmography and histopathology with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains, and cytokine concentrations were measured by using Luminex Magpix. -infected mice were compared to controls or mice with allergic airway disease induced by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization and challenge (OVA/OVA).-infected mice developed profound AHR starting at day 8 postinfection (p.i.), peaking at day 12 p.i. and persisting through day 21 p.i., despite resolution of infection, which was significantly increased compared to controls and OVA/OVA mice. -infected mice had a robust type 2 cytokine response in both the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue, similar to that of the OVA/OVA mice, including interleukin-4 (IL-4) ( < 0.01 and < 0.01, respectively), IL-5 ( < 0.001 and < 0.001), and IL-13 ( < 0.001 and < 0.01), compared to controls. By histopathology, -infected mice demonstrated early airway remodeling similar to, but more profound than, that in OVA/OVA mice. We found that larval migration causes significant pulmonary damage, including AHR and type 2 inflammatory lung pathology that resembles an extreme form of allergic airway disease. Our findings indicate that ascariasis may be an important cause of allergic airway disease in regions of endemicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ascaris Larval Infection and Lung Invasion Directly Induce Severe Allergic Airway Disease in Mice

et al. 2018

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“…As possible explanations, we have proposed the permanent exposure to mite allergens and helminth infections, although genetic factors may be involved . However, the question does not necessarily have to be raised within the framework of hygiene hypothesis because other, more general factors, such as biodiversity and climate change could be involved with different relative role in geographic zones . Besides, there are diagnostics problems that could limit the accuracy of some surveys, especially in children where viral respiratory infections are a frequent cause of wheezing …”

Section: Immunological and Clinical Influences Of Ascariasis On Asthmamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the tropics, the later are present in rural areas, whilst intermittent and low‐intensity infections occur mainly in urbanized areas. Therefore, a gradient of A. lumbricoides effects on the allergic response can be observed in this zone . Due to the increasing trends of urbanization, the stimulating effects on the Th2 responses are currently more frequent, which is just a historical circumstance and does not mean that Ascaris is unable to induce immunosuppression, a property that seems to be important for surviving as parasite (Figure ).…”

Section: Immunological and Clinical Influences Of Ascariasis On Asthmamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ascariasis as a model to study the helminth/allergy relationships

Caraballo

Acevedo

Zakzuk

2018

Parasite Immunology

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Summary Ascariasis is the most frequent soil transmitted helminthiasis and, as well as other helminth infections, is expected to influence the clinical presentation of allergic diseases such as asthma. Indeed, several clinical and experimental works have shown an important impact either increasing or suppressing symptoms, and the same effects have been detected on the underlying immune responses. In this review we analyze the work on this field performed in Colombia, a Latin American tropical country, including aspects such as the molecular genetics of the IgE response to Ascaris; the allergenic activity of Ascaris IgE‐binding molecular components and the immunological and clinical influences of ascariasis on asthma. The analysis allows us to conclude that the impact of ascariasis on the inception and evolution of allergic diseases such as asthma deserves more investigation, but advances have been made during the last years. The concurrent parasite‐induced immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects during this helminthiasis do modify the natural history of asthma and some aspects of the practice of allergology in the tropics. Theoretically it can also influence the epidemiological trends of allergic diseases either by its absence or presence in different regions and countries.

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“…One such approach is the use of helminths, or their products to treat CIADs. The therapeutic strategy of using helminths to subvert aggressive inflammatory immune responses in CIADs is known as helminth therapy (HT) [ 5 ]. Helminths are a group of parasitic organisms that infect humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasite Cystatin: Immunomodulatory Molecule with Therapeutic Activity against Immune Mediated Disorders

2020

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The use of parasites or their products for treating chronic inflammation associated diseases (CIADs) has generated significant attention recently. Findings from basic and clinical research have provided valuable information on strengthening the notion that parasites’ molecules can be developed as biotherapeutic agents. Completion of the genome, secreotome, and proteome of the parasites has provided an excellent platform for screening and identifying several host immunomodulatory molecules from the parasites and evaluate their therapeutic potential for CIADs. One of the widely studied host immunomodulatory molecules of the parasites is the cysteine protease inhibitor (cystatin), which is primarily secreted by the parasites to evade host immune responses. In this review, we have attempted to summarize the findings to date on the use of helminth parasite-derived cystatin as a therapeutic agent against CIADs. Although several studies suggest a role for alternatively activated macrophages, other regulatory cells, and immunosuppressive molecules, in this immunoregulatory activity of the parasite-derived cystatin, there is still no clear demonstration as to how cystatin induces its anti-inflammatory effect in suppressing CIADs.

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The tropics, helminth infections and hygiene hypotheses

Cited by 20 publications

References 29 publications

Ascaris Larval Infection and Lung Invasion Directly Induce Severe Allergic Airway Disease in Mice

Ascaris Larval Infection and Lung Invasion Directly Induce Severe Allergic Airway Disease in Mice

Ascariasis as a model to study the helminth/allergy relationships

Parasite Cystatin: Immunomodulatory Molecule with Therapeutic Activity against Immune Mediated Disorders

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