The Trivalency of Gallium Ions Formed during the Dissolution of the Metal in Acids

Straumanis, M. E.; Poush, K.

doi:10.1149/1.2426255

Cited by 7 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 10 publications

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“…Furthermore, no lower valence was calculated when the disintegration of the anode was prevented, e.g., by amalgamation (10). Amalgams as anodes produce only normal valence ions, as found for AI(ll), Ga (12), In (13), TI (14), and Sn (15). Unfortunately it is difficult to collect the particles and quantitatively determine the amount of Zn particles present due to the high activity of the fine particles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anodic Dissolution of Zinc in Potassium Nitrate

James

Straumanis

Reed

1967

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anodic Dissolution of Zinc in Potassium Nitrate

James

Straumanis

Reed

1967

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Die Auflösung von Indium‐Metall in Säuren und die Desintegrierung des Metalls

Straumanis¹,

Martin²

1965

Zeitschrift anorg allge chemie

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Bei der Auflösung von In in Salzsäure geht das Metall dreiwertig in Lösung. Coulometrische Messungen Mit In‐Amalgan als Anode (in HCl, HClO4 und H2SO4) zeigten ebenfalls nur In3+‐Ionen an. Die Annahme einer vorübergehenden Bildung von In+‐Ionen in wäßrigen Lösungen muß deshalb abgelehnt werden. Gleichzeitig mit der anodischen Auflösung erfolgt ein teilweiser Zerfall der Anode in sehr feine metallische In‐Teilchen (Durchmesser 6 · 10−5mm). Das erklärt die Abweichung vom Faradayschen Gesetz bei der anodischen Auflösung von In‐Metall. Homogene In/Cd‐Legierungsanoden desintegrieren bei anodischer Auflösung ebenfalls. Enthält die Legierung zwischen 6 und 12 Gew.‐% Cd, so enthalten die Teilchen im wesentlichen die kubische InCd‐Phase, bei höheren Cd‐Gehalten hauptsächlich Cd.

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Anodic Dissolution of Metals—Anomalous Valence

James

1974

Advances in Corrosion Science and Technology

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INTRODUCTIONWhen metals are dissolved anodically in aqueous and nonaqueous media, the weight of metal dissolved is sometimes greater than that calculated from Faraday's law assuming normal oxidation states. Among several metals of industrial importance, AI, Be, Cd, Fe, Pb, Mg, Ti, and Zn exhibit this phenomenon. The usual implication is that these metals dissolve as ions with an ionic valence or oxidation number less than normal, e.g., Mg+, Be+, etc.Actually, anomalous anodic dissolution, i.e., that which results in a weight loss of an anode larger than that based on coulometric data, was first reported for Al over a century ago by its discoverers, Wohler and Buff. 1 Yet interestingly enough, despite the considerable research which has focused on this problem since that time, the exact nature of anomalous dissolution of metals remains in dispute.One mechanism which has received considerable support is the concept of univalent (unipositive) ion formation, sometimes referred to as the transitory ion mechanism.The unipositive (uncommon) ion mechanism has been especially espoused in large part by two major groups: Epelboin and co-workers at the University of Paris and Davidson, Kleinberg, and co-workers at the University of Kansas, Lawrence. The mechanism was first employed by Epelboin to explain the apparent valence of 1.40 for Zn dissolving anodically in aqueous perchlorate solution. 2 This value was obtained both from Straumanis, James, and co-workers at the University of MissouriRolla have attributed anomalous anodic dissolution of metals in aqueous solution, as have many other electrochemists, to the competition of secondary processes with an electrochemical oxidation step excluding that of transitory ion formation. They have explained the anomalous dissolution of many metals in aqueous media as arising from related phenomena: local action, film-controlled polarization, and anodic disintegration. The reader should be made aware that these phenomena often involve, but are not necessarily confined to, secondary processes frequently encountered in the electrochemistry of metals dissolving in dilute aqueous systems. Indeed, the major complaint of Epelboin is that too many electrochemists choose to confine their studies of anomalous anodic dissolution within the framework of classical electrochemistry. Despite the conflicting philosophies of the different approaches, considerable credit must be accorded to Epelboin and his colleagues in their extensive and well-planned efforts to come up with a universal and quantitative mechanism of anodic dissolution based on sound kinetic and thermodynamic principles.There is no argument that experimental and theoretical considerations of anomalous dissolution from existing and new points of view are essential to research and development with regard to corrosion protection and inhibition, batteries and other energy devices, electrochemical synthesis, and other associated electronic properties of interfaces. Accordingly, the following review is presented with the hope that it will ...

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The Trivalency of Gallium Ions Formed during the Dissolution of the Metal in Acids

Cited by 7 publications

References 10 publications

Anodic Dissolution of Zinc in Potassium Nitrate

Anodic Dissolution of Zinc in Potassium Nitrate

Die Auflösung von Indium‐Metall in Säuren und die Desintegrierung des Metalls

Anodic Dissolution of Metals—Anomalous Valence

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