The Trips Agreement and Technological Innovation

Beyond the nation-state: Anchoring supranational institutions in international business research

“…These include economic sanctions (Lektzian & Biglaiser, 2013 ; Mirkina, 2018 ; Mityakov, Tang, & Tsui, 2013 ; Muchlinski, 2001 ) and supranational initiatives tackling environmental concerns (Bayer, Marcoux, & Urpelainen, 2015 ; Collins & Thomas, 2016 ; Onishi, 2007 ). Development assistance via technology-sharing policies (Di Vita, 2013 ; Hoekman, Maskus, & Saggi, 2005 ), as another example, is almost exclusively discussed by economists.…”

The Internet's impact on trademark applications

“…The authors focus on the determinants of innovation outputs, including trademark applications. Another study falling in this category is that of Di Vita (), examining the impact of the TRIPS Agreement on domestic technological innovation (proxied by patent applications and the number of scientific and technical journal articles). Another important study is by Naghavi and Strozzi (), who explore the effect of IPR strength and emigration on domestic innovation (proxied by patents) on a set of emerging and developing countries.…”

“…The variable ‘GDPC’, which represents real per capita income (a proxy for countries' development level) and the variable ‘POP’, which measures total population size, have been introduced in the model to account for size effects (see also Naghavi and Strozzi, ; Ghazal and Zulkhibri, ). Incidentally, Di Vita () has argued that real per capita income captures the effects of technology improvement produced endogenously or by means of transfer via foreign direct investment on the welfare of countries.…”

“…The variable ‘GFC’, which stands for gross fixed capital formation as a percentage of gross domestic product, usually constitutes an alternative input with respect to innovation. It helps explain the reduction in the capability of firms to use capital as collateral to gain credit from banks, when more innovation is implemented in the form of trademarks (see also Di Vita, ). This variable is expected to influence positively the submission of trademark applications.…”

“…In light of the well‐established links between on the one hand, trade policy and international trade, and on the other hand, between foreign direct investment and international trade, I have included both trade policy, denoted ‘TRADEPOL’ and net foreign direct investment, ‘FDI’ in the model (see also Di Vita, ; Ghazal and Zulkhibri, ; Naghavi and Strozzi, ) to account for their impact on trademarks. In particular, it is expected that trade policy liberalisation and higher net FDI inflows will be positively associated with trademark applications.…”