“…With the rising demand for indoor location-based services, indoor positioning techniques have been proposed, including geomagnetic [1], ultra-wideband [2], Bluetooth [3], Wi-Fi [4], audio [5], visible light [6], and computer vision [7]. Wi-Fi Received Signal Strength (RSS) is highly susceptible to transient power from the transmitter and indoor environments, causing substantial fluctuations and compromising stable detection performance [8,9]. Wi-Fi, supporting the IEEE 802.11n standard, now incorporates Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology.…”