The trillion dollar vaccine gap

Pecetta, Simone; Tortorice, Daniel L.; Scorza, Francesco Berlanda; Pizza, Mariagrazia; Dougan, Gordon; Hatchett, Richard; Black, Steve; Bloom, David E.; Rappuoli, Rino

doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abn4342

Cited by 18 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…While the current US administration had proposed an Apollo-style pandemic preparedness plan, which includes strengthening the public health system with a 'particular focus on reducing inequities' and will cost US $65.3 billion over the next ten years, 16 this investment maybe insu cient to address social and welfare damage resulting from COVID, especially for Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black communities that have been disproportionately impacted. While estimates the optimal investment in pandemic preparedness vary, any set of interventions that optimize access for care for vulnerable populations and strengthens technological, surveillance, clinical, manufacturing, and regulatory capacities to respond future pandemics is likely to cost hundreds of billions of dollars 17 . Nonetheless, weighed against the full income losses outlined in this paper, such investments are likely to yield a substantial dividend.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the impact of one million COVID-19 Deaths in America – Economic and Life Expectancy Losses

Silva

Goosby

Reid

2022

Preprint

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Between February 2020 and May 2022, one million Americans have died of COVID-19. To determine the contribution of those deaths to all-cause mortality in terms of life expectancy reductions and the resulting economic welfare losses, we calculated their combined impact on national income growth and the added value of lives lost. We estimated that US life expectancy at birth dropped by 3.08 years due to the million COVID-19 deaths. Economic welfare losses estimated in terms of national income growth supplemented by the value of lives lost, was in the order of US$3.57 trillion. US$2.20 trillion of these losses were in in the non-Hispanic White population (56.50%), US$698.24 billion (19.54%) in the Hispanic population, and US$579.93 billion (16.23%) in the non-Hispanic Black population. The scale of life expectancy and welfare losses underscores the pressing need to invest in health in the US to prevent further economic shocks from future pandemic threats.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the impact of one million COVID-19 Deaths in America – Economic and Life Expectancy Losses

Silva

Goosby

Reid

2022

Preprint

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“…Since the development of the smallpox vaccine( 39 ), using cowpox-like virus as the immunogen, three generations of the related VACV-based-smallpox vaccines have been developed( 1, 40, 41 ). However, over the past decade, a large number of newer vaccine platforms have emerged that are able to drive robust humoral and cellular immunity( 42, 43 ), including the mRNA vaccine platform, able to rapidly and flexibly deliver pathogen-antigens to the immune system to drive immunity. While attenuated pathogens induce immunity against the complete pathogen, current mRNA vaccination only delivers components of the target pathogen.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A monkeypox mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine targeting virus binding, entry, and transmission drives protection against lethal orthopoxviral challenge

Freyn

Atyeo

Earl

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Monkeypox virus (MPXV) caused a global outbreak in 2022, fueled by behaviorally-altered and enhanced human-to-human transmission. While smallpox vaccines were rapidly deployed to curb spread and disease among those at highest risk, breakthrough disease was noted after complete immunization. Given the imminent threat of additional zoonotic events as well as the viruses evolving ability to drive human-to-human transmission, there is an urgent need for the development of a MPXV-specific vaccine that is able to also confer broad protection against evolving strains and related orthopoxviruses. Here, we demonstrate that an mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine encoding a set of four highly conserved MPXV surface proteins involved in virus attachment, entry and transmission can induce MPXV-specific immunity and heterologous protection against a lethal vaccinia virus (VACV) challenge. Compared to Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA), which forms the basis for the current MPXV vaccine, mRNA-vaccination generated superior neutralizing and cellular spread-inhibitory activities against MPXV and VACV as well as greater Fc-effector Th1-biased humoral immunity to the four MPXV antigens and the four VACV homologs. Single MPXV antigen mRNA vaccines provided partial protection against VACV challenge, while combinations of two, three or four MPXV antigen expressing mRNAs protected against disease-related weight loss and death. Remarkably, the cross-protection by multivalent MPXV mRNAs was superior to the homologous protection by MVA, associated with a combination of neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody functions. These data reveal robust protection against VACV using an mRNA-based vaccine targeting four highly conserved viral surface antigens, linked to the induction of highly functional antibodies able to rapidly control viral infection.

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“…The broader health effects (B) including the mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related social restrictions, the overload on health systems, the disproportional direct/indirect health burden of disadvantaged groups in the society associated with the pandemic, were well documented [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. However, limited evidence was identified to assess the monetary value of vaccination through its impact on mental health or considering the health equity aspect of the pandemic or vaccination [47][48][49]. While certain elements of the public finance impact of the pandemic (C) have been estimated for both the US and UK, no study was identified calculating the full public finance impact or the return on investment of the COVID-19 vaccines [18,50,51].…”

Section: Identified Quantification Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Societal Value of Vaccines: Expert-Based Conceptual Framework and Methods Using COVID-19 Vaccines as A Case Study

Fusco

Mendes

Steuten

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Health technology assessments (HTAs) of vaccines typically focus on the direct health benefits to individuals and healthcare systems. COVID-19 highlighted the widespread societal impact of infectious diseases and the value of vaccines in averting adverse clinical consequences and in maintaining or resuming social and economic activities. Using COVID-19 as a case study, this research work aimed to set forth a conceptual framework capturing the broader value elements of vaccines and to identify appropriate methods to quantify value elements not routinely considered in HTAs. A two-step approach was adopted combining a targeted literature review and three rounds of expert elicitation based on a modified Delphi method, leading to a conceptual framework of 30 value elements related to broader health effects, societal and economic impact, public finances, and uncertainty value. When applying the framework to COVID-19 vaccines in post-pandemic settings, 13 value elements were consensually rated highly important by the experts for consideration in HTAs. The experts reviewed over 10 methods that could be leveraged to quantify broader value elements and provided technical forward-looking recommendations. Limitations of the framework and the identified methods were discussed. This study supplements on-going efforts aimed towards a broader recognition of the full societal value of vaccines.

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The trillion dollar vaccine gap

Cited by 18 publications

References 19 publications

Assessing the impact of one million COVID-19 Deaths in America – Economic and Life Expectancy Losses

Assessing the impact of one million COVID-19 Deaths in America – Economic and Life Expectancy Losses

A monkeypox mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine targeting virus binding, entry, and transmission drives protection against lethal orthopoxviral challenge

The Societal Value of Vaccines: Expert-Based Conceptual Framework and Methods Using COVID-19 Vaccines as A Case Study

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