The Tribal Odisha Eye Disease Study (TOES) 1: prevalence and causes of visual impairment among tribal children in an urban school in Eastern India

Warkad, Vivekanand Uttamrao; Panda, Lapam; Behera, Pradeep K.; Das, Taraprasad; Mohanta, Bikash Chandra; Khanna, Rohit C

doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.10.020

Cited by 13 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…[13] There are marked regional differences in the prevalence and causes of childhood blindness and visual impairment, apparently depending on socio-economic factors, education, and the healthcare services available in the area. The current study compared the status of visual impairment and blindness profile in students of similar origin (tribal Odisha) in the different ecosystem- native rural (tribal)[10] and relocated urban[9] locations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stage 1 included visual acuity measurement, slit lamp examination, intraocular pressure measurement, and undilated fundus photography by the optometrist, and Stage 2 included detailed evaluations of the referred children by the pediatric ophthalmologist. [9] In either situation, the subjective vision was tested both for distance and near. Color vision was not tested.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have already reported the eye health status of tribal students in an urban location. [9] The present report compares the prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in tribal day-care school students in their native habitat with the students in the urban residential school.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Tribal Odisha Eye Disease Study (TOES) report # 5: Comparison of prevalence and causes of visual impairment among tribal children in native and urban schools of Odisha (India)

Panda

Nayak

Warkad

et al. 2019

Indian J Ophthalmol

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Purpose: To compare the prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in tribal school students in the rural day-care and in a residential urban school. Methods: This was a cross-sectional comparative study. The 4-Stage screening in the native habitat of the tribal students performed in the school and hospital involved the trained school teachers, optometrists, comprehensive ophthalmologist, and pediatric ophthalmologist. The 2-Stage screening in the urban school involved only the optometrists and pediatric ophthalmologist. In both instances, vision (presenting and best corrected) was recorded and refraction performed. In addition, fundus photo was taken in all students in the urban school using a non-mydriatic fundus camera. Results: The comparison of blindness, visual impairment, and ocular anomalies were between tribal children (153,107 children; mean age 9.3 ± 2.7 years) examined in the native school and tribal children (10,038 children; mean age 8.8 + 1.64 years) in an urban residential school. Mild and moderate visual impairment was higher in the urban settings ( P < 0.05), but severe visual impairment and blindness were similar in both settings. Refractive error, amblyopia, and posterior segment anomaly were detected more often in an urban settings ( P < 0.05). Vitamin A deficiency (Bitot's spot) was detected only in children studying in the native schools ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: The location, urban or rural, did not influence the visual impairment profile of tribal children. The food habit and environment seem to impact nutritional status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tribal Odisha Eye Disease Study (TOES) report # 5: Comparison of prevalence and causes of visual impairment among tribal children in native and urban schools of Odisha (India)

Panda

Nayak

Warkad

et al. 2019

Indian J Ophthalmol

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“…They found a prevalence of ocular morbidity of 2.6% among tribal children in an urban school. [21] TOES 4 study done among tribals in Odisha using photorefractor has found refractive error as a significant cause of ocular morbidity. [22]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of ocular morbidity among tribal children in Jawadhi hills, southern India: A cross-sectional study

Mahesh

John

Rose

et al. 2019

Indian J Ophthalmol

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Purpose: Childhood blindness is second to cataract in terms of blind person years; population-based prevalence of ocular morbidity among tribal children has not been studied. We conducted this study to determine the prevalence of ocular morbidity in tribal children age 15 years or younger in Jawadhi hills, southern India. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in four tribal villages where all children below 15 years of age were invited to participate in the study. After appropriate consent/assent, an optometrist assessed uncorrected vision refraction and best-corrected visual acuity using suitable techniques. A comprehensive ophthalmic examination was also done by an ophthalmologist to determine the presence of ocular morbidity. Children requiring cycloplegic refraction or further treatment were referred to the base hospital. Results: Among 260 children examined, the prevalence of ocular morbidity was 10.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.3–13.7]. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) was the foremost morbidity: 4.6% (95% CI 1.6–6.3) followed by refractive error (2.7%). Three (10.7%) children had more than one ocular morbidity. Nearly 1 in 10 tribal children suffer from ocular morbidity and 1 in 57 had low vision. Conclusion: VAD is a public health problem in this tribal region which requires immediate intervention with prophylaxis and treatment. Uncorrected refractive errors in school-age children also need to be attended.

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“…Amblyopia is a visual impairment that is characterized by a unilateral or bilateral reduction of visual acuity without an organic cause 1, 2, 3. With a prevalence of up to 3.5%, amblyopia is the most common cause of childhood vision loss4, 5, 6, 7, 8 that occurs in up to two-thirds of anisometropic and strabismic patients 9, 10, 11. Anisometropia is defined as the difference of refractive power between the two eyes, frequently caused by a difference in axial length (AL) 12 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of different amblyopia treatment protocols on axial length of non-amblyopic eyes in anisohyperopic patients

Ghasempour

Khorrami-Nejad

Akbari

et al. 2019

Journal of Current Ophthalmology

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Purpose To evaluate the effect of full-time and part-time occlusion therapy on axial length (AL) of non-amblyopic eyes in anisohyperopic patients. Methods Sixty-five patients who were treated for anisohyperopic amblyopia were recruited for this prospective cross-sectional study. Treatment was provided as patching of the non-amblyopic for 4 h or less (part-time occlusion therapy, n = 42), patching of the non-amblyopic for 8 h or more (full-time occlusion therapy, n = 13) and refractive correction (spectacles, non-patched group, n = 10). AL measurements were calculated by a Lenstar LS 900 at the last session of amblyopia therapy. Results The mean age of patients treated for anisohyperopic amblyopia was 4.90 ± 0.80 years, and the mean follow-up period was 1.50 ± 0.80 years. The mean of spherical equivalent in amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes were +3.58 ± 2.26 and +1.84 ± 0.97 diopter (D) before treatment, and +3.21 ± 2.28 and +1.49 ± 0.99 D after treatment, respectively. The mean of spherical equivalent in non-amblyopic eyes before (F = 0.452, df = 2, P = 0.639) and after (F = 0.190, df = 2, P = 0.828) treatment did not have any significant difference between the three groups. The mean AL of amblyopic and non-amblyopic eyes were 22.11 ± 93.0 and 22.68 ± 1.07 mm, respectively. The mean AL of the non-amblyopic eye was significantly higher in the full-time occlusion therapy group when compared to the part-time patch and the non-patched groups ( P < 0.001). The mean AL of amblyopic eyes showed no difference across the three treatment groups ( P = 0.840). Conclusions The results show that a longer AL in the non-amblyopic eye, but not the amblyopic eye, can be expected with longer daily hours of patching in anisohyperopic patients. Future studies are needed to evaluate the effect of patching on AL in children with anisohyperopic amblyopia.

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The Tribal Odisha Eye Disease Study (TOES) 1: prevalence and causes of visual impairment among tribal children in an urban school in Eastern India

Cited by 13 publications

References 7 publications

Tribal Odisha Eye Disease Study (TOES) report # 5: Comparison of prevalence and causes of visual impairment among tribal children in native and urban schools of Odisha (India)

Tribal Odisha Eye Disease Study (TOES) report # 5: Comparison of prevalence and causes of visual impairment among tribal children in native and urban schools of Odisha (India)

Prevalence of ocular morbidity among tribal children in Jawadhi hills, southern India: A cross-sectional study

The effect of different amblyopia treatment protocols on axial length of non-amblyopic eyes in anisohyperopic patients

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