The treehopper's helmet is not homologous with wings (Hemiptera: Membracidae)

Yoshizawa, Kazunori

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00606.x

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Nonetheless, the genetic similarity between the treehopper helmet and wings (such as nub and Dll expression) (26) is still remarkable. Miko et al and Yoshizawa suggested that the genetic similarity was achieved via cooption of wing genes into body wall development (37,38). Our findings provide yet another possible explanation for the origin of the treehopper helmet.…”

Section: Both the Carinated Margin And The Pleural Plates Contribute supporting

confidence: 56%

“…Recently, the helmet of treehoppers, a unique T1 expansion, was proposed to be serially homologous to wings (26). However, later this idea was rebutted, largely because of misinterpretations in the morphological analysis (37,38). Detailed morphological analysis supports the idea that the treehopper helmet is an extreme posterior expansion of T1 itself (posterior, flattened, cuticular evagination; PFE) instead of an appendage on T1 (37).…”

Section: Both the Carinated Margin And The Pleural Plates Contribute mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into insect wing origin provided by functional analysis of vestigial in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum

Clark-Hachtel

Linz

Tomoyasu

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

105

149

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Despite accumulating efforts to unveil the origin of insect wings, it remains one of the principal mysteries in evolution. Currently, there are two prominent models regarding insect wing origin: one connecting the origin to the paranotal lobe and the other to the proximodorsal leg branch (exite). However, neither hypothesis has been able to surpass the other. To approach this conundrum, we focused our analysis on vestigial (vg), a critical wing gene initially identified in Drosophila. Our investigation in Tribolium (Coleoptera) has revealed that, despite the well-accepted view of vg as an essential wing gene, there are two groups of vg-dependent tissues in the "wingless" first thoracic segment (T1). We show that one of these tissues, the carinated margin, also depends on other factors essential for wing development (such as Wingless signal and apterous), and has nubbin enhancer activity. In addition, our homeotic mutant analysis shows that wing transformation in T1 originates from both the carinated margin and the other vgdependent tissue, the pleural structures (trochantin and epimeron). Intriguingly, these two tissues may actually be homologous to the two proposed wing origins (paranotal lobes and exite bearing proximal leg segments). Therefore, our findings suggest that the vg-dependent tissues in T1 could be wing serial homologs present in a more ancestral state, thus providing compelling functional evidence for the dual origin of insect wings.serial homology | morphological novelty | Hox | appendage evolution

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Section: Both the Carinated Margin And The Pleural Plates Contribute supporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Both the Carinated Margin And The Pleural Plates Contribute mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into insect wing origin provided by functional analysis of vestigial in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum

Clark-Hachtel

Linz

Tomoyasu

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

105

149

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“…Prior to the previous two studies in beetles, Prud'homme et al found that treehopper helmets have high nub expression and proposed that these impressively exaggerated structures are modified wings of the T1 segment ( Figure 2) [31]. Unfortunately, this report was disputed rather intensely due to errors in their morphological interpretation [32,33]. Further morphological analyses have revealed that the treehopper helmet is an extreme posterior expansion of T1 tergum and not an appendage on T1 [32,33].…”

Section: Treehopper Helmets: "Partial" Wing Serial Homologs?mentioning

confidence: 91%

Exploring the origin of insect wings from an evo-devo perspective

Clark-Hachtel

Tomoyasu

2016

Current Opinion in Insect Science

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Although insect wings are often used as an example of morphological novelty, the origin of insect wings remains a mystery and is regarded as a major conundrum in biology. Over a century of debates and observations have culminated in two prominent hypotheses on the origin of insect wings: the tergal hypothesis and the pleural hypothesis. However, despite accumulating efforts to unveil the origin of insect wings, neither hypothesis has been able to surpass the other. Recent investigations using the evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) approach have started shedding new light on this century-long debate. Here, we review these evo-devo studies and discuss how their findings may support a dual origin of insect wings, which could unify the two major hypotheses.

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“…7). Although anatomical homology between helmet and wing has not been supported [14,15], recent molecular developmental studies suggest that the wing and helmet share molecular networks. That is, important wing developmental genes expressed in developing helmets [10] and the transcriptomic profile of developing helmets show more similarity to the developing wing than to other body regions (e.g.…”

Section: Developmental Similarities Between Helmet and Wingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and development of the complex helmet of treehoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Membracidae)

et al. 2020

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Some insects possess complex three-dimensional (3D) structures that develop under the old cuticle prior to the last imaginal molt. Adult treehoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Membracidae) have one such complex 3D structure, known as a helmet, on their dorsal side. The adult helmet likely forms inside the nymphal pronotum during the final instar nymphal stage. Previous morphological studies have reported that the adult helmet is a large, bi-layered, plywood-like structure, whereas the nymphal pronotum is a monolayer, sheath-like structure. The adult helmet is much larger than nymphal helmet. Thus, the emergence of the adult helmet involves two structural transitions: a transition from a monolayer, sheath-like pronotum to a bi-layer, plywood-like helmet, and a transition in size from small to large. However, when, how, and in what order these transitions occur within the nymphal cuticle is largely unknown. To determine how adult helmet development occurs under the nymphal cuticle, in the present study we describe the morphology of the final adult helmet and investigate developmental trajectories of the helmet during the final instar nymphal stage. We used micro-CT, scanning electron microscope and paraffin sections for morphological observations, and used Antianthe expansa as a model species. We found that the structural transition (from monolayer, sheath-like structure to bi-layer, roof-like structure) occurs through the formation of a "miniature" of the adult helmet during the middle stage of development and that subsequently, extensive folding and furrows form, which account for the increase in size. We suggest that the making of a "miniature" is the key developmental step for the formation of various 3D structures of treehopper helmets.

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The treehopper's helmet is not homologous with wings (Hemiptera: Membracidae)

Cited by 21 publications

References 16 publications

Insights into insect wing origin provided by functional analysis of vestigial in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum

Insights into insect wing origin provided by functional analysis of vestigial in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum

Exploring the origin of insect wings from an evo-devo perspective

Structure and development of the complex helmet of treehoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Membracidae)

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